Doublespeak: Nineteen Eighty-four and George Orwell Essay

The definition of language is expressing our wants or needs to other people. Whether we realize it or not, language is a very important part of our everyday lives. Through our body language, eyes, tone or volume of our voice, words, or appearance, we can communicate things that we want (or sometimes not want) to other people. Unfortunately, language can sometimes be confusing and open to misinterpretation. One instance of this is doublespeak, a vague type of speaking that deliberately shields the meaning of the word, or making the word nicer without ruining its true meaning. Wherever doublespeak is used, ignorance and chaos is sure to follow. Doublespeak is often used by people in power such as senators, presidents, CEOs, and prime ministers. Typically, the speaker may use more complex words which the general public might not know the meaning of. It pretends to communicate, when in reality it leaves the intended audience with little to no idea of what was said and the public becomes ignorant. The term was inspired by George Orwell’s dystopian novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four. Nineteen Eighty-Four takes place in a totalitarian world where the public has become limited to the thoughts of serving The Party, and only The Party. It has become so restricted to the point where a new language has been created in order to stifle the thoughts of its people. This language, Newspeak, is a diminutive version of the English language generated to prevent its oblivious nation with coming up with such foreign concepts as freedom, love, and resistance. The district of Airstrip One is plagued by never ending war, constant surveillance by a being called â€Å"Big Brother,† which is never clear if he actually existed or just a symbol to represent The Party. The Party also used excessive amounts of doublespeak. For example, at one point, the protagonist Winston remembers the chocolate ration to be forty-three grams a week, only to hear the woman on the newsreel inform him that chocolate rations had gone up to twenty-three grams. While this novel is a bit more extreme, there are many similarities to the world that George Orwell created, and our own, the most notable being the excessive amount of doublespeak. William Lutz uses multiple examples of doublespeak used in real life in his essay The World of Doublespeak. He describes an incident in 1978 where an airplane had crashed in Pensacola, Florida, airport where twenty-one people got injured and three people died. The plane was also destroyed in the incident. Because the plane’s insured value was better than the book value, National Airlines received a tax insurance benefit of 1.7 million dollars on the accident. Later in their annual report, they claimed that the 1.7 million dollars was due to an ‘involuntary conversion of a seven-twenty-seven,’ which explained the money effectively without even mentioning the deaths of the three people or the crash in general (Lutz, 179). He also mentions that â€Å"the U.S. navy didn’t pay $2,043 apiece for steel nuts; it paid all that money for ‘hexiform rotatable surface compression units† and that â€Å"the U.S. Air Force paid $214 apiece for Emergency Exit Lights, or flashlights.† Both examples use complex words. While the authors of each example might be trying to compose each statement with the greatest intentions, they both come off stale. In his essay Politics, Propaganda, And Doublespeak, George Orwell states â€Å"people who write in this manner usually have a general emotional meaning- they dislike one thing and want to express solidarity with another- but they are not interested in the detail of what they are saying. A scrupulous writer, in every sentence that he writes, will ask himself at least four questions, thus: What am I trying to say? What words will express it? What image or idiom will make it clearer? Is this image fresh enough to have an effect? And he will probably ask himself two more: Could I put it more shortly? Have I said anything that is avoidably ugly?† (Orwell, 170) If the authors of the examples had asked themselves such, what they were trying to say might have been a bit clearer to the average member of the public. Sadly, the authors probably did not have these intentions in mind, for this type of doublespeak is purposely meant to mislead. This is the same type of doublespeak that keeps people ignorant, like in Nineteen Eighty-Four. Some aspects of the novel are already upon us. Doublespeak can intentionally and successfully deceive the general public with its vague tendencies. If it continues to be used in excess, we can very possibly end up with a world very similar to Nineteen Eighty-Four- full of chaos and ignorance. Doublespeak is a misuse of language and abuse of communication by those who are in control, and it must be eliminated.

Metropolitan Museam of Art

Rob Murphy Art and Culture Extra Credit My Second Visit to the Met 12/10/11 My second visit to the Metropolitan Museum of Art was equally enjoyable as the first. On my first visit, I hovered around the American wing and Egyptian wing mainly. On the contrary, my second visit consisted of a trip to enjoy the Greek and Roman wing. Wings such as the Egyptian, are big enough to re-visit, as I was able too. The works I was able to enjoy on my second trip were the â€Å"Cleopatra† sculpture, and the world renowned â€Å"Perseus with a Head of Medusa†. The â€Å"Cleopatra† sculpture was quite a sensational one.It was carved by William Wetmore Story out of marble; spanning eleven years , it was completed in 1869. The Boston bred sculptor’s masterpiece is in Gallery of American painting and sculpture of the Met. This beautiful sculpture is of the Egyptian queen , born in 69 BC. Alike many of William Wetmore Story’s sculptures, Cleopatra is sitting down in a c hair. The Queen is wearing a long dress with her left breast exposed. She is accessorized with jewelry and an Egyptian head piece. Her facial expressions and body positioning suggests she is is in a deep state of thought. Whether reflecting on past behavior or contemplating future actions, the figures are thinking about deeds of cataclysmic significance†(Metropolitan Museum of Art). This suggests Cleopatra is said to be thinking of something of great significance. The reason I chose the sculpture of Cleopatra as one of the works from my second visit is because it was understandable, and expresses a clear thought. She is a famous figure, and once I witnessed it , it was enjoyable to see something familiar. His sculpture made of marble is beyond my imagination of how someone could complete this.The neoclassical sculptors, â€Å"Cleopatra†, were one of William Wetmore Story’s most applauded works of art. The second work of art I appreciated on my trip to the Met was â€Å"Perseus with the Head of Medusa†. â€Å"Perseus with the Head of Medusa† is located in the European Sculpture and Decorative Arts hall. Italy native Antonio Canova carved this sculpture spanning from 1804 to 1806. In addition to the past sculpture, this was also carved out of marble. It displays Perseus, who is a mythical hero who was said to have defeated various archaic monsters; Most notably known for the Greek hero who killed Gordon Medusa , as displayed in the sculpture.Medusa was a monster who, when someone would lay eyes upon her would be transform into stone. After being killed by Perseus, Medusa’s head was used as a weapon by this hero ,and later given as a gift to his goddess, Athena, as a shield ornament. This greatly detailed sculpture shows Perseus nude , wielding a shield in one hand and medusas decapitated head in the other. He is shown staring at the severed head of Medusa. Perseus takes pride in slaying this monster , and holds her head h igh and might with pride.The face of Medusa looks unpleasant, and has a defeated expression. The mythical hero has her by the hair, except , her would be hair is represented by snakes. The reason I chose to write about this sculpture is because along with Cleopatra, Medusa was a familiar figure to me . In addition , I am also intrigued by Greek mythology such as Medusa and Perseus. The extreme detail of this exquisite sculpture also caught my attention. Canova’s detail is remarkable. The fact that he can capture facial expressions, thoughts, and predictable actions in this sculpture is phenomenal.The Metropolitan Museum of Art is an extraordinary experience. Being lucky enough to enjoy it twice is rare. While gawking at everything you lay eyes upon, you have a sense of disbelief. To think these unparalleled sculptures were hand carved, in days of minute technology is beyond understanding. These two works of art are truly amazing and the fact that they were kept in such immacu late condition is marvelous. The reasons I chose these two was because, I was familiar with both characters and I was interested to do research on them, and learn more.In conclusion I would recommend to anyone planning on taking a trip to this museum to visit these two miraculous works of art. Bibliography: http://www. metmuseum. org/collections/search-the-collections? gallerynos=548&ft=* http://www. metmuseum. org/Collections/search-the-collections/20013020? rpp=20&pg=1&ft=cleopatra&pos=5 http://www. framemuseums. org/jsp/fiche_oeuvre. jsp? STNAV=&RUBNAV=&CODE=O115046173127831&LANGUE=1&RH=UsaFRAMEMuseums&OBJET_PROVENANCE=COLLECTION

Suicide in the Military Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Suicide in the Military - Research Paper Example Historical army suicide rates Studies show that the rate of suicide in the military is similar to the proportion of suicide in the general population of the US. â€Å"Three percent of the total deaths in the country are caused by suicide† (Lineberry & O’Connor 1). According to the study, more males commit suicide compared to females in the army. â€Å"Above 90 percent suicide cases are caused by men† (Lineberry & O’Connor 1). Before the year 2003, the rate of army suicide was lower, in comparison to 2012 and 2013. This is because of the effects of the Iraq war. In the year 2008, the study results showed that the rate of suicide was 20 in every 100000 army members in the US. In the year 2010, the rate increased to 31 for every 100000members. Causes of the army suicide Researchers have identified various causes of the high rate of suicide in the army. Some of the causes entail the intense military activities, combats, and deployment. The mentioned conditions usually lead to depression or psychological issues. Combat and deployment effects Based on the reports during the military screening, most members of the military undergo psychological torture. Several members become depressed and anxious during the process. As a result, they end up abusing substances in order to relieve the tension. Studies confirm that various psychological disorders such as â€Å"depression and abuse of substance are correlated with the intensity and the amount of combat time† (Lineberry & O’Connor 1). Depression and drug abuse are major factors that cause suicide not only in the military, but also in the general population of the country. Researchers have associated deployment with aggressive behaviors and drug misuse. â€Å"Aggression and impulsivity are among the risk factors of suicide† (Lineberry & O’Connor 1). Due to the recent high occurrence of war, there have been multiple deployments in the US army. This has resulted into ps ychiatric illnesses among the army members, which has in turn increased the suicide rate. Studies confirm that military members with one deployment experience less psychological effects compared to those with more than one deployment. Correlation between suicide and medical care use Studies confirm that the number of army members seeking clinical help due to psychiatric illnesses is positively correlated with the proportion of suicide. For instance, between the year 2003 and 2008, the army members with â€Å"psychiatry illnesses increased from 116 to 216 for every 100000 individuals in the US army† (Lineberry & O’Connor 1). The same study also confirmed that the rate of suicide also increased during that time. The clinical report also showed that most of the â€Å"army members do not use medical services for fear of stigmatization† (Lineberry & O’Connor 1). Several people who test positive for mental disorder in clinics usually experience stigma that is a lso a major cause of suicide. Sleep disturbance Researchers have also identified sleep disturbance as a cause for suicide. Sleep disorders â€Å"cause other mental disorder such as depression and anxiety† which are suicide risk factors (Lineberry & O’Connor 1). Medical experts discovered that â€Å"those diagnosed with insomnia usually attempted suicide after some time† (Lineberry & O’Connor 1). Suicide prevention approaches Various strategies can help in the prevention of suicide among army members. One of

Using technology to cheat in classrooms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Using technology to cheat in classrooms - Essay Example Unfortunately, cheating has always been a part of academia. This essay is designed to look at current methods that students employ to get better grades, and what school officials are doing about the problem.Once the television was invented, people still had to get up to change the channel. If students wanted to cheat on exams, they had to write on note cards, or the palms of their hands. Now, ATMs have decreased the need for quite as many workers, people spend 20 minutes looking for the remote because changing the TV manually is unheard of, and student who want to cheat have a large number of technologically savvy devices to make their efforts successful. Teachers and principals claim that cheating isn't more prevalent now, it's just more sophisticated (Owen, 2008). Marty Wilkins, a 25-year veteran teacher at Milwaukie High School is quoted as saying, "Technology today does make it harder to keep on top of things" (Owen, 2008). Owen's news article covered technology-based cheating in Oregonian classrooms. Teachers at Milwaukie and West Linn high schools have had enough, but are afraid that there isn't much that can be done about it. They cite the reasons for cheating as trying to get higher grades, getting positive attention from parents, and trying to get into choice colleges. Still they have a message for cheaters: "Eventually, it will catch up with you," Wilkins said (Owen, 2008).Technology-based cheating has taken on a life of its own. ... Nelson is a technology coordinator at Eden Prairie High School in Minnesota. Eden Prairie has gone digital, using materials like interactive white boards and video conferencing. Nelson and other school officials are trying to figure out how they can best use popular kids' devices like MP3 players and iPods. Mary Slinde, associate principal of Hopkins High School in Minnesota, said a ban of popular cheating devices is not likely. "They're a part of our kids' world," Slinde said (Relerford, 2007). The state of Iowa is taking a harder line. Jean Morsch, a math teacher, said she confiscates listening devices in her class, because students have been known to record answers to test quest, then listen to them during the tests, pretending to listen to music Monzingo, 2007). Therefore, the schools are disallowing media players in the classroom, even though the majority of school officials admit that when used appropriately, these devices can actually enhance the learning experience. Tim Dodd, former director of the Center for Academic Integrity at Clemson University said, "[It's] not the means; it's the motive" (Monzingo, 2007). What is to blame for the cheating Michael Josephson, president of Josephson Institute of Ethics in Los Angeles, blames the lack of ethics. "There's a hole in the moral ozone, and it's getting bigger," he said (Owen, 2008). Josephson claims that 67 percent of high school students admit to cheating. He doesn't have any reason to believe that incidences of cheating is at an all-time high, but is appalled at the lack of moral code in 67 percent of students. Others claim that a lack of personal responsibility is to blame. After the Owen article appeared in February, parents commented on the

Facilities and Events Operations Management Term Paper

Facilities and Events Operations Management - Term Paper Example This function is also responsible for the fulfilment of the requests of the customers through creation and delivery of the required facilities and events. Depending on the manner in which an organization is structured, the precise nature of tasks, which are classified under the operations function, can be different from one business to another; nevertheless, some activities can be applied to all the forms of operations. These include: Understanding strategic goals, which involves the managers in charge of operations precisely understanding the objectives of the company and developing clear visions of the ways in which operations will assist in achieving them. It also entails the translation of these objectives into implications for how operations perform, goals, quality, speed as well as reliability, flexibility and costs. Development of an operations strategy, where as a result of the numerous number of decisions made as far as operations is concerned, it is important that the people responsible have a set of regulations that assist in aligning these decisions with the long term objectives of the company. All companies can be widely divided into two main categories, which are manufacturing and service companies. Regardless of the fact that both categories have operations management functions, these differences create unique challenges for operations as the characteristics of the products differ. Two key distinctions exist between the operations of companies that deal in products and those that concentrate on services. To begin with, organizations that deal with products produce physical and tangible products, which may be stored in inventory prior to it being required by the consumer. In contrast, companies that deal with services produce products that are not tangible and cannot be produced before the customers need them. Further, the companies that deal with tangible products, the consumers usually do not have a direct contact with the production

A (any) Muscular Disorder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A (any) Muscular Disorder - Essay Example lar dystrophy is a form of muscular dystrophy recessive which is X-linked and affects mostly boys causing degeneration of the muscle and eventually death. It is caused by mutation of a gene known as dystrophin, the most prominent and large gene found in the human chromosome and is responsible for coding a protein called dystrophin, a crucial structural component inside the muscle tissue, charged with provision of structural stability of dystroglycan complex (DGC) a component of cell membrane. Although both males and females are capable of carrying the mutation, males are the most affected and rarely do the females exhibit any signs of the abnormality. Duchenne muscular dystrophy at first causes progressive proximal weakness of the muscles of the pelvis and legs, which is usually associated with mass muscle loss. Finally this weakness usually spreads to such parts as neck, shoulders, hips, thighs, pelvic area and later on the voluntary muscles around a person’s legs, trunk and the arms. There is an enlargement of the calves and by the time early teenage sets in the respiratory and heart muscles are also affected. Duchenne muscular dystrophy mostly affects boys at a rate of 1 out of every 3600 resulting in degeneration of muscle and eventually death. The most severe and common type of Muscular dystrophy (MD) occurs amongst children and accounts for over fifty percent of all known cases. Unlike girls, the affected boys usually lack second X-chromosome to cater for the abnormal X-chromosome, which usually contains the abnormal genes.DMD typically appears in boys aged between 3 and 5 years and weakness is usually noticed as the children begin to run or walk. Duchenne muscular dystrophy causes calf muscles to enlarge, and this is one of the most significant characteristic of the disease. The most common symptoms of this disease start with the weakness of the pelvis and upper legs. Children with this disease usually fall down a lot, have problems rising from a

Reflect on If I could be any historical figure within the time period, Research Paper - 2

Reflect on If I could be any historical figure within the time period, who would I be and why I want this to be on D - Research Paper Example eater importance and long-lasting impact than what a single military commander, philosopher, pop-culture icon, or any other individual within past society has been able to offer. As a function of attempting to prove this point to the reader, the following analysis will be concentric upon providing many of the accomplishments that Martin Luther King realized during his life and draw a clear level of comparison with respect to the fact that these accomplishments, taken as a whole, stood apart from the rest of the individuals during his time, and indeed sense, and represented individual whose strength and perseverance are not only admirable but something which should be desired within the current time. Firstly, it should be stated that few if any individuals in the modern world are able to attain a level of education or expertise at such a young age as did Martin Luther King Junior. For instance, Martin Luther King Jr. became an ordained Baptist minister at the age of 18. Whereas it is true that certain individuals within the modern world are able to accrue a great deal of education and expertise at a relatively young age, Martin Luther King was not only able to become an ordained clergyman within his community, he was also the youngest person ever to receive and Nobel Peace Prize for his work in seeking to end racial segregation (Hinds 469). As can readily be noted, the ability to dedicate himself to his studies and to the cause in question allowed for Martin Luther King to be an admirable character that this student seeks to look up to. Yet, one of the largest reasons for why Martin Luther King Jr. is a historical figure that I would like to be is due to the fact that he struggled tirelessly and fearlessly for the rights of his fellow man. Whereas many individuals during the time period were caught up in returning hatred for hatred, Martin Luther King Jr. was focused upon using nonviolent methods and leading a peaceful civil rights that would channel the same ap proach that Thoreau and Gandhi had used to such great effect (King 33). Whereas it might have been easy to fall victim to the desire for seeking revenge and demanding a level of immediate and violent revolution on the part of the disenfranchised population of the United States, King was able to resist this temptation and take the higher path; aspects of character and virtue that are extraordinarily rare and extremely appealing to this individual author. Such as yet, King’s most notable achievement is not with regards to the fact that he was merely a participant in the nonviolent civil rights movement of the mid-20th century; rather, his most notable achievement is with respect to the fact that he led this civil rights movement and carefully and painstakingly sought the ways in which it could be promoted so that it could affect the greatest benefit towards the exhibition of civil rights within the United States. Naturally,

Macro & Micro Environmental Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Macro & Micro Environmental Analysis - Essay Example This report stresses that considering the analysis of the above five industry forces, the hotel industry holds moderate to high level of attractiveness as three out of the five forces are in beneficial state and the threat of new entrants is also not high but moderate. Only adversely positioned industry force is the high rivulet levels within the industry and companies who specialize in their marketing and differentiating strategies and build strong brands will be able to counter this force as well. Thus, organisations with high internal capabilities will be able to enjoy strong profits within this industry. This paper makes a conclusion that it can be noted that the organisations and its performances are affected by a myriad of factors in its macro and micro- environments. While the factors within the micro environment is within the reach of organisational influence, the macro factors tend to affect the organisation but remain beyond the control of the company. Organisations can assess the conditions of its macro environment through application of SPECTLE analysis while the microenvironment can be assessed through stakeholder analysis or Porters five force concepts. While these analysis will only yield an insight in to the conditions of the environment, its the strategic responses which the company makes in relation to the environmental conditions which will decide how successful the company be in surviving and thriving in the turbulent business environment.

Pan-indian Confederation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pan-indian Confederation - Essay Example military forces seems to be favouring the U.S sides anyways. When Tecumseh set out to convince other tribes to join him, the challenge before him was not just creating an army, but arousing among the tribal people the sense of unity that might have led them to victory. Before convincing the tribes to fight for the sake of their identity and existence, he had to settle the inter-tribal conflicts and ideological differences among his own people and bind them together with a strong unifying force. Tecumseh’s efforts were showing results to quite an extent until Tenskwatava’s negligence towards his brother’s strategies led them nowhere. Amidst, all this while he was away in the south spreading a doctrine of political and military unification, his younger brother’s excitation ruined everything. Tecumseh’s army was thrashed by Harrison’s men. The British who supported the tribes had their own vested interests of acquiring colonial wealth, they joined in more for their own motives and less in support of the Indians.They fled as soon as the U.S. Army came into action. During the American Revolution U.S. had developed such a standard of political and military strengths that it was naive of Tecumseh’s one-man army challenging them without planning an effective winning strategy. This is another reason why the U.S. army found no difficulties in suppressing the upheaval. unity, arms, forces and above all the lack of spirit among the people itself can be accused of defeat. Tecumseh’s speeches motivated the people, his oration influenced people from vast stretches in Canada to Mexico but ultimately it was the call from within among the tribes that might have made a difference and lacking this spirit the ball was never in Tecumseh’s

Human smoke by nicholson baker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human smoke by nicholson baker - Essay Example The book ends in 1941. The aim of this paper is to produce a summary of the book that records a timeline in the world history for about fifty years. Human Smoke talks about almost every country that was involved in wars of the early twentieth century in one way or the other. The book also talked about the stories of people that played active roles in the two world wars. From the likes of Winston Churchill, a well-known figure to the likes of Jeanette Rankin (Montana legislator), whose impact in the US declaration of war against Germany in the First World War seem to have been forgotten. Human Smoke explained that Jeannette Rankin was the only legislator in the United States House of Representative that voted against the participation of the US forces in the First World War and she was also the only legislator that voted against the Second World War. The book also discussed the roles played by people like Theodore Kaufman and Henry Emerson Fosdick during the war. Kaufman was a ticket seller at Brooklyn that wrote a tract on the purification of Germany, while Fosdick was an advocate for war that later turned to be an advocate for peace (pacifist) (Baker). Baker tried to work on the intellect of the readers by presenting readers with data, thus causing them to draw inferences from these data. Baker is not explicit in the presentation of his argument and the implication of this is that readers would have to draw conclusions from some of his implicit statements. Baker actually gave an outstanding account of the events of these world wars in a way that it has not been given before by any historian and this is actually what distinguishes the book from other works. The unique thing about the book is that it is more like a dedication to the British and American pacifists that stood against the war. Baker explains that these pacifists tried to restore peace to the world by resolving the differences between Japan and the United States of America. They also tried to

Old Man & the Sea Essay Example for Free

Old Man the Sea Essay Caleb Cogan August 14, 2011 English 3 â€Å"The Old Man and the Sea† In The Old Man and the Sea, Ernest Hemingway shows Santiago, a Cuban fisherman, as a strong and heroic man. The man’s epic battle between the marlin represents his strength and symbolizes endurance. Santiago has set a journey to the sea for 84 days and is beat when he returns home with nothing. His friend Manolin has been forced by his parents to leave the old man to fish. Ernest Hemingway has created a character that has made a brave man who personifies courage, honor, and faith. As The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway is a story which studies and shows the themes of an old man’s bravery and endurance, he demonstrates strength in the biggest catch of his career. Santiago, the old man, finds a big marlin on his hook. This will be his biggest catch of his life. There is emotional damage and tension between the battle with the marlin and the old man. Defending catching the fish takes a lot of strength and courage. He deals with suffering and pain by protecting it. When he says he is not defeated, he says â€Å"a man can be destroyed but not defeated. (Spark Notes Editors, 2002) Santiago enjoys the boy very much but Santiago is an outsider. Santiago is certain that his blocked streak will shortly come to an end, and he resolves to cruise out beyond any standard the following day. Because the boy shows his devotion to honesty of Santiago, he becomes his apprentice. Manolin recognizes Santiago’s true strength and wisdom while other fisherman laugh at Santiago. (Spark Notes Editors. â€Å"Spark Note on the Old Man and the Sea. †) Hemingway introduces some images that will return throughout the book. The first is the question of Santiago’s endurance. The section also talks about two important themes: Santiago’s imaginary dream of Joe DiMaggio lions playing on the beach of Africa. Lions on a beach are a more puzzling symbol than that of Joe DiMaggio. The lions are Santiago’s only dream. The image of lions in his dream reminds him of his connection between birth and his death. The lions playing show that his dream is broken from nature. Santiago’s dream of Joe DiMaggio is an inspiration to him. To him, the baseball player helps him survive. DiMaggio returned to playing baseball to see the eyes of his fans after recovering from a bone projection. Santiago catches some small tuna and thinks it would give him some strength. Soon, he feels a tight pull on his line. The marlin, a great fish, nibbles then final bites. Santiago holds on tight giving everything he’s got until his hands start to cramp up. He is determined to catch the fish as his opponent. When the marlin finally surfaces it is longer than Santiago’s boat. The struggle continues and he finally eats the tuna, wraps the line to his hand and goes to sleep. The next day Santiago harpoons the marlin and wins, but sharks come and eat the flesh of the marlin. So Santiago is not defeated and is not victorious.

Examining Real Estate Business In Bangladesh

Examining Real Estate Business In Bangladesh This research paper focuses on the marketing system of the real estate business in Bangladesh and also evaluates the market growth; as this rapidly growing business has become more popular in Bangladesh during the last fifteen years. For that reason this paper will firstly evaluate the real estate business culture in Bangladesh. Secondly the marketing system will be critically appraised and finally recommendation will be given on how to improve this business. Chapter 1: Introduction Today the real estate business is one of the fastest growing businesses in Bangladesh and it plays an important role in the Bangladeshi economy. This research paper focuses on the marketing system of the real estate business in Bangladesh. Presently Bangladesh is a developing and also over populated country. Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh. This city is very important for everything because everything is based on this city. For that reason this city is densely populated. From 1985 the concept of living in a flat has been started and also the real estate business has become more popular. The slogan used by the business is our creation your dream. This is a dream about someones home. This topic was chosen because many people know very little about Bangladesh and Bangladeshi business and because of my own interest and personal experience. This paper will firstly evaluate the real estate business culture in Bangladesh. Secondly the marketing system will be critically appraised. Finally recommendations will be given on how to improve this business. Chapter 2:Literature Review Bangladesh is a developing country, and as is common in many such countries, everything is centralized so every business based in Dhaka city. Now a days Dhaka is a overpopulated city. That is the main reason for the growth of real estate business, because people needs more house for living. More than 260 companies are working or doing business in Dhaka(According to REHAB 2004)Real Estate Housing Association of Bangladesh. So it is proof that real estate business is rapidly growing business in Bangladesh. This research paper focuses on marketing system of real estate business in Bangladesh. Today marketing is one of the important part for all kinds of business. It is true that if in the company marketing system is strong than the business of this is doing well. So here in this research paper will be evaluate some true marketing system of real estate business in Bangladesh. Because marketing starts with human needs and wants. People need food, air, water, clothing, and shelter to survive. Beyond this, people have a strong desire for recreation, education, and other services. They have strong preference for particular versions and brands of basic goods services. Kotler,P.(1998). Chapter 3:Methodlogy In this research my specific and investigating area is real estate business in Bangladesh. This research is totally literature based; in addition it will evaluate the marketing system of real estate business in Bangladesh. To make this research valid and reliable, I am trying to show the true marketing system in Bangladesh. It was difficult to find specific books in this area. This research would have been better if there had been time to do empirical research. It would have been appropriate to use questioners and interviews with the people who are working in the real estate business. This research could have also been more presentable if the questioners and interviews involved a large sample of real estate business in Bangladesh. However there was not too much time or resources to do this. This research paper hopes to show what kinds of marketing system the real estate companies are using in their business and what is their strategy for their products and their services for their target customers. Because Marketing is an orderly and insightful process for thinking about and planning for markets. The process starts with researching the market place and understand its dynamics. This marketing process involves segmenting with the market and choosing those target customer that the company can satisfy in a superior way.(Kotler.1998) Therefore in this research paper I evaluate the real estate business culture, critically appraise the real estate marketing system and recommend how to improve the growth rate of this business in Bangladesh. Chapter 4: Finding and Analysis Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh and one of the most overpopulated city in the world. This city is home of more than 12.8 million people estimated as of 2008 according to the Dhaka City Corporation. This population is growing by an estimated 4.2% per year that is one of the highest rates in the Asian city. On the other hand according to Far Eastern Economic Review this city Dhaka will become a home of 25 million people by the year of 2025(Wikipedia).So day by day people are increasing and housing demand also increasing. So this is the main opportunity for real estate business. Because as a developing country is quite difficult for government to provide such a big fundamental needs like housing. As a result private real estate companies come forward to meet the needs of the increasing housing demand. Land development and construction of apartments is the concern of a real estate business. This business major construct area is residential and commercial buildings to sell them and make profit. Now this business is rapidly growing and one of the most popular business in Bangladesh. According to REHAB(Real Estate and Housing Association of Bangladesh,2004) in Dhaka there are 250 companies doing this business. This is show that what a rapidly increasing business. On the other hand this business also plays an important role in Bangladeshi economic. However most of the Bangladeshi real estate companies marketing system almost same. These marketing system based on four things: Thinking about apartments or housing. Level of income. Standard of living. Style of living. Most of the Bangladeshi real estate company applying this kinds of things for finding as a potential customer. On the other hand customer also classify by the real estate companies. Because housing is not a major problem for rich people but it is big problem for middle and lower income people. So companies are specially targeted middle income and lower income customers. Because a house is their ultimate dream for this kinds of customers. For that reason most of the real estate company investing lots of money for promoting their products for their target customers. Such as : Advertisement Newspaper, Television, Neon Sign Billboard Personal selling This is one of the major things to maintain good relation with the customers. On the other hand a number of employees are working for the company in indoor and outdoor for sales the particular products. Sales promotion Sales promotion is another important things for real estate company. Sometime the company offers discount, Gifts, service price off and many other things for selling their products. Publicity Buy on instalments Size start with 750sft to 1800 sft.(square Feet) This is the marketing system of real estate business in Bangladesh. Chapter5:Conclusion Bangladeshi real estate business is one of the most profitable and popular business. If real estate companies have liabilities about their customers than government have also some liabilities about this business. So government needs take necessary steps or roles to protect this business. Every year the Bangladeshi government earns approximately more than 1500 core taka as a revenue. On the other hand more than 25laks people are working with this industry REHAB(Real Estate and Housing Association of Bangladesh) in 2008. So this is show that the growth rate of the real estate business in Bangladesh. However the marketing system is a process which can be improve day by day with proper market research and strong marketing planning. So real estate companies needs to find out the potential buyers and strong relationship with their customers. It can be very effective to selling their product for their target customers. Chapter 6:Recommendations However now real estate business is very popular in Bangladesh but most of the companies do not have proper market research and marketing plan. Because most of companies do not have longer period marketing plan. So most of the Bangladeshi real estate company needs proper marketing research which start with planning well in advance of the implementation, analysis, management review, and good coordination between customers. In addition most of the Bangladeshi real estate companies needs strong customer care. Because this business totally customer based. All marketing strategy is built on STP-Segmenting, Targeting, and Positioning. A company discovers different needs and groups in the marketplace, targets those needs and groups that it can satisfy in a superior way, and then positions its offering so that the target market recognizes the companys distinctive offering and image.(P.Kotler,K.L.Keller,2006) So this marketing strategy can improve the real estate business in Bangladesh. Chapter 7:Reflections of learning In this research paper I am learning lots of things such as how to write a research paper in a right order. Because this is my first research paper. When I started my research I was facing lots of difficulties but day by day I learn lots of things about a research paper and how to write it. May be in my research paper I have lots of errors and mistakes. But I know that it is all about learning process because this learning process helps me lots in my future studies .In addition I wants to thanks International Study Canter and specially my course teacher because they are deign such an important course for the students who wants to study in the postgraduates level. Appendices Committed to PEOPLES RIGHT TO KNOW Vol. 5 Num 50 Fri. July 16, 2004 Business Rehab housing fair in New York next month Star Business Report In a bid to promote the countrys housing and real estate business by wooing Bangladeshis living in the US, the Real Estate and Housing Association of Bangladesh (Rehab) is going to organise a five-day housing fair next month in New York.The event titled Rehab-Biponon Housing Fair 2004 will begin on August 19 at Quality Hotel Hampstead in New York city. Rehab is organising the fair in association with Biponon, a US-based marketing company.Describing the objectives of the fair, Rehabs Senior Executive Member Ziaul Ahsan said the fair would encourage expatriates to build their houses in Bangladesh as well as attract foreign investors to the country. Through this fair, the expatriates will get the opportunity to know all about the housing business in Bangladesh, he said. We think if they know about our real estate sector, they will move to invest in the sector.Ahsan said the exhibition would contribute to earning more remittance from the US and making more foreign investment in the count rys real estate sector.A total of 29 Rehab member companies will take part in the fair. They are Building Technology and Ideas Ltd, Hamid Real Estate Construction Ltd, Sheltech (Private) Ltd, Eastern Housing Ltd, East West Property Development Private Ltd, Latif Real Estate Ltd, Bosoti Consortium Ltd, Suvastu Development Ltd, Hasan and Associates Ltd, Amin Mohammad Group, Rangs Properties Ltd, Tropical Homes Ltd, Building for Future Ltd, Ena Properties Ltd, Concord Real Estate and Building Products Ltd, Brac Concord Lands Ltd, Bangladesh Development Company Ltd, Borak Real Estate (Private) Ltd, Living Stone Ltd, Equity Property Development Private Ltd, Japan Garden City Ltd, Al-Hasan Developers Ltd, NM Housing Ltd, Sumona Private Ltd, Rupayon Housing Estate Ltd, Mega Builders Ltd, Assurance Develop-ments Ltd, Building Development and Design Ltd and Crescent Holdings Ltd. According to Rehab, its 145 members delivered 70,000 to 80,000 apartment units to their customers in last 20 year s. Besides, they have been delivering 4,000 to 6,000 plots a year.The Rehab statistics show the annual turnover of the real estate sector amounts to Tk 7,500 crore and the government earns Tk 700 crore in revenue a year from the sector. About 15 lakh skilled and unskilled labourers are working in this sector. Example: Published On: 2007-11-25 Business REHAB fair ends with commitment to lower cost urban housing Sumon Salah Uddin A salesperson (right) busy briefing a visitor at a stall at the annual REHAB housing fair that concluded yesterday in Dhaka. Photo: STAR Real estate companies yesterday pledged to develop lower cost urban housing solutions in order to meet the growing demands for affordable homes in the capital. This is the right time to shift our focus to lower cost apartments instead of luxury flats, said Mohammad Zakir Hossain, senior sales executive of Rangs Properties.According to Hossain, developers are now planning most of their new projects targeting middle class people who make between Tk 20,000 and Tk 40,000 a month. Talking to The Daily Star on the final day of the 5-day housing fair organised by the Real Estate Housing Association of Bangladesh, Hossain said his company currently has no apartment of less than 1450 square feet in size. However, the management is planning new projects to meet the growing demands for smaller flats within the price range of Tk 15 lakh to Tk 20 lakh. A number of factors, including soaring construction costs and the governments drive against black money, have contributed to a sharp fall in the s ale of apartments, which are down around 50 percent so far this year, according to REHAB. Hossain said proper urban policy and the right public infrastructure are necessary to build lower cost housing, especially in the suburbs. The land price in the central areas of big cities is so high that it is often hard to keep the apartment price low. If the government builds proper infrastructure like highways and a good public transport system, developers will start to build lower cost housing projects in the suburban areas, he said. Eastern Housing Ltd, a developer of plots for urban housing, said it didnt have any more land plots to sell. All the plots in our land projects are sold out. We are now introducing two new mid-sized apartment projects in the capitals Kamalapur and Panthapath areas, said Mohammad Farhaduzzaman, assistant manager of the company. Aminul Islam Tareq, senior marketing executive of Rupayan Housing Estate Ltd, said the company had received a huge response from potent ial customers at the show. The response was more than expected, thanks to our newer projects in Uttara and Mirpur, he said, adding that Rupayan recently started building smaller apartments to attract customers from mid-income earners who cannot afford to pay more than Tk 30 lakh. Despite the slump in the real estate sector, there was little evidence of a lack of enthusiasm among the crowds at the jam-packed fair.While the focus was on the lower cost solutions a few luxury developers could be found, one such being Building Technology Ideas (bti) Ltd, who said their primary focus would still be on luxury living. We just got approval for 10-storied projects in Gulshan and Banani areas under the Building Construction Rules 2007. Our focus still remains on exclusive privacy, environmental friendliness and more space, said an executive of the company.

Endosymbiotic Theory in Eukaryotic Cells

Endosymbiotic Theory in Eukaryotic Cells Endosymbiotic theory- the modern, or organelle- containing eukaryotic cell evolved in steps through the stable incorporation of chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic symbionts from the domain Bacteria. The hypothesis of endosymbiosis is at present the most widely accepted theory on the evolution of the eukaryotic cell. This current theory states that the mitochondria and chloroplasts contained within the eukaryotic cell, are there due to the integration of free living bacteria which implement aerobic metabolism, chemoorganotrophic bacteria, and bacteria which implement oxygenic photosynthesis, cyanobacteria. It is thought that symbiosis, in addition to natural selection and mutations, is also a driving force in the evolution of the modern or organelle containing eukaryotic cell. This essay will describe in detail the endosymbiotic theory and its features, discuss the evidence which supports it and then discuss its major opposing theories, the hydrogen hypothesis and the syntrophy hypothesis. Short history of the endosymbiotic theory Many biologists have had a role in what is now known as the endosymbiotic theory. Firstly in 1883, Andreas Schimper proposed that particular organelles evolved from the symbiotic union of two different organisms, (this was while he was studying chloroplast division within green plants and observed a similarity between chloroplasts and free living cyanobacteria.), (Vargas-Parada, 2010). In 1905, Konstantin Merezhkovski devised the term, symbiogenesis , due to his work on lichens leading him to speculate that more complex cells evolved from a symbiotic relationship between less complex ones (2006). Then in the 1920s, Ivan Wallin suggested that organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts began as symbiotic bacteria and that species creation could have occurred through endosymbiosis. Finally, much later in 1967 Lynn Margulis collected various microbiological observations which supported the hypothesis of endosymbiosis. Evolution of the eukaryotic cell The current evidence for the evolution of eukaryotic cells suggests that around 4 billion years ago ancestors of Bacteria and Archea arose. It is thought that in bacteria, around 3.2 billion years ago, phototrophy occurred, with the common ancestor of many bacteria thought to be an anaerobic phototroph. Then around 2.7 billion years ago oxygen-generating cyanobacteria developed, which over time caused an increase in the atmospheric oxygen levels. The atmosphere slowly changed from anoxic to oxic due to this rise in oxygen levels. At some point during this period eukaryotic microorganisms containing organelles evolved and the oxic environment drove their evolution. Main distinguishable features of present day eukaryotes from prokaryotes In many prokaryotic cells their DNA is arranged into a single loop, is circular and unlike eukaryotes, it is not associated with histones and is therefore termed naked. Prokaryotic cells reproduce by the process of binary fission, are mainly unicellular organisms and are usually smaller than eukaryotic cells. In the nucleus of the eukaryotic cell, the DNA is organised into chromosomes, which is surrounded by a membrane. Eukaryotic cells reproduce by the means of mitosis and meiosis, are usually larger than prokaryotic cells and are usually complex and multicellular. The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotic cells is that they contain membrane bound organelles, with the most noteworthy being the mitochondria and chloroplasts. The major organelles involved in the endosymbiotic theory The endosymbiotic theory refers to the organelles mitochondria and plastids, (plastids refer to chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and gerontoplasts, to name a few), however mainly focuses on chloroplasts. The major reason for these two organelles being involved in the endosymbiotic theory is because they both contain a small genome. Moreover, both of these organelles contain the operating systems required for cellular functions such as protein synthesis, for example ribosomes and transfer RNA, and also the cellular constituents needed for translation. Mitochondria Mitochondria are the site of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotic cells. They are membrane bound organelles, with each cell containing thousands of them. Mitochondria show variations in their morphology, and can be rod-shaped or spherical. They are surrounded by two membranes, an outer membrane and an inner membrane. The outer membrane is made up of protein and lipid and contains channels which allow the diffusion of ions and small organic molecules. The inner membrane is less permeable and is invaginated to form cristae. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs on the inner membrane; with cristae allowing maximum surface area for ATP synthase molecules, which are involved in the synthesis of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), the final step of oxidative phosphorylation. It is for this reason that they are considered to be the power generators of the cell. Mitochondria possess their own DNA which is independent of the cells chromosomal DNA. The mitochondrial genome mainly encodes proteins needed for oxidative phosphorylation and also encodes ribosomal RNAs, (rRNAs), transfer RNAs, (tRNAs) and proteins necessary for protein synthesis. Mitochondria use simplified genetic codes, which seem to have arisen from selection pressure for smaller genomes (Madigan, 2009 p. 351). Even though mitochondria possess their own genome they still require proteins encoded by nuclear genes. Chloroplasts Chloroplasts are membrane bound organelles found in phototrophic eukaryotic cells. These cells are found in plants algae and some protists. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll which is the photosynthetic pigment present within them. Chloroplasts are usually larger than bacterial cells and can differ in size and shape. Chloroplasts again like mitochondria consist of two membranes and inner membrane and an outer membrane. Their outer membrane is permeable and the inner membrane is less permeable. The inner membrane surrounds the stroma, which houses the photosynthetic pigment, chlorophyll and other cellular components needed for the process of photosynthesis in thylakoids. Thylakoids stacked into the structural units, grana. The thylakoid membrane is not permeable to ions and other metabolites, due to the light reactions of photosynthesis needing the proton motive force which is necessary for the synthesis and release of ATP. The stroma of the chloroplast holds large amounts of the enzyme RubisCO, (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylate), which catalyses the Calvin cycle or the dark reactions of photosynthesis. The Calvin cycle converts COà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ into various organic compounds like glucose which are needed by cells. Chloroplasts also contain their own DNA, which is also independent of the cells chromosomal DNA. The identified chloroplast genomes are all circular DNA molecules, with each chloroplast containing several matching copies of the genome (Madigan, 2009 p. 350). Genes contained within the chloroplast encode for proteins required for photosynthesis and autotrophy to occur and also rRNA and tRNA used for the processes of transcription and translation. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts have some proteins, which are encoded by nuclear genes and not just by the chloroplast genome. Introduction to the endosymbiotic theory The primary endosymbiotic theory implies that the mitochondrial ancestor was a free living facultatively aerobic alphaproteobacterium, attained by another cell and therefore giving rise to a eukaryotic cell. (Madigan, 2009 p. 520) A species of cyanobacterium is thought to be the ancestor of chloroplasts, obtained by a heterotrophic eukaryote, after eukaryotic cells had appeared around 1.5 billion years ago (Madigan, 2009 p. 520) and was obtained as an internal symbiont (Bruce Alberts, 2002). Secondary endosymbiosis refers to the event where several non-phototrophic organisms attained chloroplasts, after the primary endosymbiosis event is said to have occurred. Secondary endosymbiosis is said to have been an important factor in the evolution of eukaryotes, bringing the modern diversity of life into being (Macfadden, 2001). Features of and molecular evidence for the primary endosymbiotic theory The main point of the primary endosymbiotic theory, and which gives it its credibility, was that both mitochondria and chloroplasts both contain DNA, with rRNA, tRNA and proteins involved and needed for the respiratory chain in mitochondria and proteins needed for photosynthesis in chloroplasts, being encoded by these small genomes within mitochondria and chloroplasts. Non-phototrophic eukaryotic cells are genetic chimeras containing DNA from two different sources, the endosymbiont, which is the mitochondria, and the host cell nucleus (Madigan, 2009 p. 520). Eukaryotes which are phototrophic, for example algae and plants, have DNA from two endosymbionts, the mitochondira and the chloroplasts as well as the nuclear DNA. The majority of mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA is similar to bacterial DNA in its shape, which is circular and size. The second feature of primary endosymbiosis is that genes originating from bacteria are found in the nucleus of the eukaryotic cell. This has been proven by sequencing genomes, which have shown that nuclear genes encode properties unique to mitochondria and chloroplasts, (and also which closely resemble genes of bacteria), showing that during the evolution of the eukaryotic cell these genes where transferred to the nucleus of the eukaryotic cell, from the bacterial endosymbionts, during the development of the organelle from the engulfed cell (Madigan, 2009 p. 521). The third feature of primary endosymbiosis is that the mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own ribosomes. Ribosomes are present in eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells, with eukaryotic cells possessing the larger form, 80S, and prokaryotic cells containing the smaller, 70S, ribosomes. The mitochondria and chloroplast contain these 70S ribosomes. The fourth feature is antibiotic specificity. Mitochondria and chloroplast are sensitive to antibiotics which kill bacteria or are bacterial inhibitors. Some for example streptomycin do this by specifically interfering with the functions of the 70S ribosomes, which occurs in the same way in mitochondria and chloroplasts (Madigan, 2009 p. 521). Rifampicin is an antibiotic which in bacteria affects the RNA polymerase. It does not have this effect on eukaryotic RNA polymerase however does inhibit mitochondrial RNA polymerase. The fifth and final feature of primary endosymbiosis is that of molecular phylogeny. Phylogenetic studies comparing organelles and rRNA support the theory of mitochondria and chloroplasts deriving from bacteria. There is also other evidence in addition to what is mentioned above. Both mitochondria and chloroplast are surrounded by two membranes. It is though that the inner membrane is the original membrane which contained the prokaryotic cell and the outer membrane results from the process of endocytosis when the bacteria were taken into the eukaryotic cell. Protein synthesis in the endosymbionts begins with N- formyl methionine, the same amino acid that initiates protein synthesis in bacteria whilst in eukaryotic cells protein synthesis is initiated by methionine. Also the thylakoid membrane and the protein complexes which it contains are like those that can be found in cyanobacteria (Pyke p. 5) , and chloroplasts can divide in a way which is similar to the process of binary fission which is carried out by bacteria. This evidence all suggests that the host cell which obtained the mitochondrion by phagocytosis was an anaerobic eukaryotic cell, (which already contained a nucleus) and that the mitochondrial endosymbiont was an obligate anaerobe (Mentel, 2010). This event was later followed by the endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium, allowing the eukaryotic cell to become photosynthetic. In this way the host eukaryotic cell attained permanent organelles which are suited to energy production. It was also mutually beneficial for the symbionts which obtained a constant and accommodating environment for their growth. Secondary endosymbiosis The primary endosymbiosis event in the common ancestor plants and in green and red algae is said to have created the modern day chloroplast. The secondary symbiotic event refers to non-phototrophic eukaryotes obtaining chloroplasts by the endocytosis of a green or red algal cell and consequently becoming phototrophic. It is thought that secondary and even further endosymbiosies lead to the diversification of eukaryotes. Problems with the endosymbiotic theory To support the endosymbiotic theory in the 1980s, Tom Cavalier-Smith proposed that certain single-celled eukaryotes which are at present still living, bear a resemblance to earlier eukaryotes, were primitively amitochondriate (Lane, 2005 p. 42),(basically eukaryotes without any mitochondria), and Cavalier-Smith named them archezoa. (He later abandoned this theory in 2002, (Cavalier-Smith, 2002)) These cells derived their energy via fermentation and prefer environments with little oxygen and were thought to be the bridge between early eukaryotic cells (as archezoa contain a nucleus) and prokaryotic cells, which would have supported the theory of a bacterial cell being phagocytised, but not digested, leading to the possession of a mitochondria in the early eukaryotic cell. It was then thought that as oxygen levels on earth started to rise, the mitochondria too, began to evolve, due to aerobic respiration being more resourceful than anaerobic respiration, which again supported that the phagocytosis of this bacterial cell was for the purpose of a more efficient way of generating energy. In March 2000, Jan and Siv Andersson proposed the Ox-Tox hypothesis to explain that aerobic respiration was the selective pressure leading to the gain of the mitochondria, originally selected for the removal of oxygen by the host cell (Andersson, 2000). This was due to research showing that the genome sequence of Rickettsia prowazekii had a strong phylogenetic relationship with mitochondrial proteins (Andersson, 2000). However in the late 1990s these hypotheses were question due to the appearance of contradictive evidence. The genomes of archezoa were sequenced and genes were found which showed that the ancestors of archezoa once had mitochondria, even though there was no physical indication of them in the cell. Some archezoa such as Giardia were found to have mitochondria but in the form of mitosomes, which still carried out mitochondrial processes (Lane, 2005 p. 47) again implying that these eukaryotes once contained mitochondria within their cells. It was then suggested that the original host in the eukaryotic merger was a methanogen, due to the structure of eukaryotic and methanogenic histones and the 3D conformation of the DNA associated with the histones being closely related (Lane, 2005 p. 48). Other problems with the endosymbiotic theory are that if a bacterium was phagocytised by a eukaryotic cell, it would definitely have been digested and neither mitochondria nor chloroplasts are able to survive independently outside of the eukaryotic cell. Chloroplasts arent the main focus when disproving the endosymbiotic theory as its thought that when the phagocytosis of a phototrophic symbiont occurred, the host cell already contained mitochondria. The alternative theories to the mainstream endosymbiotic theory The hydrogen hypothesis In 1998, William Martin and Miklà ³s Mà ¼ller proposed the hydrogen hypothesis. Unlike other hypotheses which suggested that the formation of eukaryotic cell was due to the rising oxygen levels, this hypothesis suggests that instead it was to do with hydrogen. They state that Eukaryotes are suggested to have arisen through symbiotic association of an anaerobic, strictly hydrogen dependent, strictly autotrophic archaebacterium (the host) with a eubacterium (the symbiont) that was able to respire, but generated molecular hydrogen as a waste product of anaerobic heterotrophic metabolism. (Mà ¼ller, 1998). The hydrogen hypothesis is based on hydrogenosomes which are anaerobic mitochondria, that produce ATP and with their waste products including hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide and which also are able to function in low oxygen environments. Martin and Mà ¼ller suggested that there was a methanogenic ancestry of the host (Mà ¼ller, 1998) due to methanogens needed the very products (hy drogen and carbon dioxide), which are released by hydrogenosomes and because hydrogenosomes survive in the same environment as methanogens. Due to the intimate association between the methanogen and the bacterium, the symbiosis becomes closer, due to the methanogen needing the products of respiration produced by the bacteria and it is gradually engulfed by the methanogen. By the process of lateral gene transfer from bacterium to methanogen, the methanogen is now able to carry out aerobic and anaerobic respiration (Lane, 2005). There are known examples today of bacteria which live as endosymbionts within other prokaryotes (Mentel, 2010), which again helps support this hypothesis. Another point which gives the hydrogen hypothesis credibility is that all anaerobic and aerobic mitochondria all originated from a facultatively anaerobic ancestral state (Mentel, 2010). Also according to the hydrogen hypothesis, the host cell was not required to have possessed a nucleus (Mà ¼ller, 1998). The formation of the nucleus is explained by genes for the synthesis of lipids being transferred to the host chromosome from the symbiont leading to the host synthesising these bacterial lipids and then resulting in the formation of the endoplasmic reticulum, an internal membrane system and origination of a eukaryotic nucleus (Madigan, 2009 p. 376). The effects of the hydrogen hypothesis for chloroplasts have not been considered in much depth (Allen, 2003). The syntrophy hypothesis This hypothesis was proposed by Purificacià ³n Là ³pez-Garcà ­a and David Moreira in 1999. This hypothesis is based on similar metabolic considerations as the hydrogen hypothesis proposed by Martin and Mà ¼ller (Moreira, 1999). There are some similarities between the two hypotheses. Firstly, they both maintain that the metabolic nature if the original symbiotic event involved both hydrogen and syntrophy, secondly that the hydrogen dependent autotrophic archeon must have been a methanogen (Moreira, 1999) and finally that the mosaic nature of the eukaryotic genome can be explained by lateral gene transfer and replacement over a long symbiotic life (Moreira, 1999). The difference between these hypotheses is that the syntrophy hypothesis states that the organisms involved were ÃŽÂ ´- proteobacteria, which are ancestral sulphate reducing myxobacteria, and methanogenic archaea (Moreira, 1999). The hydrogen hypothesis states that an ÃŽÂ ±-proteobacteria began the symbiosis, wherea s in the syntrophy proposal it is thought that two eubacterial types were involve, a sulphate reducing ÃŽÂ ´- proteobacteria, (which produced hydrogen for fermentation), and also an ÃŽÂ ±-proteobacterial methanotroph became symbionts and used the methane which was generated by the methanogen to produce C0à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡. Both of these hypotheses agree that the ancestral mitochondria were of anaerobic origin (Moreira, 1999). The chimeric nature of the eukaryotic cell The hypotheses mentioned above, suggest that the modern eukaryotic cell is a chimera, which is a cell that is made up of features from both Bacteria and Archaea (Madigan, 2009 p. 376). Eukaryotes contain the same sort of lipids which are found in Bacteria and the tools they contain for transcription and translation are like those found in Archaea (Madigan, 2009 p. 376). The chimeric nature of nuclear genomes can be partially explained by the endosymbiont hypothesis of mitochondria (Hua). At some stage in eukaryogenesis, cellular and genomic combination of the two different organisms (which vary for the hydrogen and syntrophy hypothesis) happened with gene transfer from bacteria to archaea and then subsequent replacement. The bacterial genome is then thought to have condensed down and could have also dematerialised as the cell underwent evolution, (as horizontal gene transfer, which includes the introduction and loss of genes, is often seen in symbionts (Madigan, 2009 p. 377)). The de veloping eukaryotic cell must have inherited some of the archaeal-DNA processing systems, whereas the cellular metabolism systems are thought to have come from bacterial organotrophy (Hua). During its evolution the modern day eukaryotic cell has become ever more complicated and has led to the appearance of complex, multicellular life forms which are powered by mitochondria and chloroplasts in phototrophic eukaryotic cells. The progression of its evolution and how all the individual compartments of the cell occurred is expected to have taken an extensive amount of time. Variation and natural selection evidently occurred, perfecting the cell by the removal of mechanisms and cellular structures which were deemed useless, leading to biological diversity. It is still undetermined which of these hypotheses mentioned accurately describe the origin of eukaryotes and is thought that the further sequencing of genomes and phylogenetic analyses of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes will provide an improved elucidation of the origin and diversity of eukaryotes.

Maurice Sendak Essay -- essays papers

Maurice Sendak Maurice Sendak was born June 10, 1928 in Brooklyn, New York. His parents were poor immigrants from Poland who came to America before World War I. Many of his relatives died in the Holocaust, and this was an important influence upon his childhood. His parents were always upset about the relatives they had lost and the cloud of death was always in the air. He even drew the faces of some of his relatives who died in the Holocaust in Isaac Bashevis Singer’s Zlateh the Goat. Sendak is the youngest of three children. He was also a very sickly child, who always caught pneumonia or some sort of illness. He grew up under the constant fear of his own death. His mother was very concerned, and always kept a watchful eye over him. For this reason, many of Sendak's books have a picture of a moon in the scene. This is representative of his watchful protective mother, peeking over him to make sure he is safe. (Sendak also puts a fish in pictures for his father. â€Å"Sendak† not only means â€Å"fish†, but also is a remembrance that there is always something fishy in all of his work.) Sendak grew up in a family of storytellers. His father told (uncensored) stories that were considered â€Å"not for children.† They were nightmarishly scary stories of pogroms, death, love affairs, and other Jewish tales. His brother wrote stories, and his sister bound the stories into books that they sold on the sidewalks. Sendak loved hearing his father tell stories, and associates good books with being close and spending time with his father. Everyone in his family also read stories, and growing up, Sendak was jealous of his older siblings who could read words. He would even beg his sister to bring him books from the library (as opposed to children’s books), just so he could smell, touch, and taste them. His sister also gave him his first book, The Prince and the Pauper, by Mark Twain. Although he could not even read it at the time, Sendak slept with the book, and still has it today. In 1947, at the age of nineteen, Sendak co-authored and published his first book, Atomics for the Millions. He began his illustrating career by drawing comic book pictures. In 1951, Sendak began freelance illustrating and writing. Sendak published Kenny’s Window in 1956. It is a story about a child who is curious about the world outside of his front door. Very Far Away, Sendak's... ...an adult world. Sendak’s special interest is to get kids and parents to read together. This, he believes, is the best way for kids to learn to love reading, and more importantly, share magical times with their parents. "Perhaps no one has done as much to show the power of the written word on children, not to mention on their parents, as Maurice Sendak." -President Clinton, January 9,1997. Bibliography: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/Author=Sendak%2C%20Maurice/002-3012214 http://www.arts.endow.gov/artforms/Lit/Sendak.html http://www.ba.com/nr/1998/Nov/19981105003.html http://www.barclayagency.com/sendak.html http://www.bess.net/whats_new/June2/books_and_theatre.htm http://www.falcon.jmu.edu/~ramseyil/sendak.htm http://www.hasbiniz.com/fiction/children/toddlers/sendak/in_the_night_kitchen.htm http://www.livefromlincolncenter.org/backstage/dec17/sendak.htm http://www.magic.usi.edu/class97/214Lamb12pm/s6/kcoffee3.html http://www.pangaea.org/street_children/world/sendak.htm http://www.perma-bound.com/msendakprofile.htm http://www.rteweb.com/books/children/msendak/weareall.htm http://www.ucc.uconn.edu/~jfs95002/sendak.html

Nathaniel Hawthornes My Kinsman, Major Molineux as an Allegory Essay

Nathaniel Hawthorne's My Kinsman, Major Molineux as an Allegory â€Å"May not one man have several voices, Robin, as well as two complexions?† (1261), asks the friendly gentleman in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story â€Å"My Kinsman, Major Molineux.† Just as one man may have multiple facets, so too may a story, if we correctly interpret samples of Hawthorne’s work. It seems as though modern readers practically assume that his work ought to be read allegorically, and indeed, The Scarlet Letter, and many other famous works of Hawthorne, are brilliant allegories if they are interpreted as such. And yet, Nathaniel Hawthorne, more than a religious zealot or political advocate, was an avid student of colonial history. We read in the Norton Anthology’s brief biography of Hawthorne that, â€Å"[Hawthorne] was steeping himself in colonial history more than the political issues of his time† (1248). Becoming more familiar with the history of his young nation, he even published â€Å"a child’s history of colo nial and revolutionary New England† (1249). This being as it is, it would do Hawthorne’s short stories a great injustice to dismiss their merit as historical commentaries. Obviously, Hawthorne’s works are multifaceted, and one must determine how to best read and interpret them. Can the reader of Hawthorne’s short story â€Å"My Kinsman, Major Molineux† interpret this work as an allegory, and if he does, what does the story lose in terms of its historical merit? In many ways, â€Å"My Kinsman, Major Molineux† lends itself to an allegorical reading. One interpretation may be that the work is more of a bildungsroman than a true allegory. Understanding â€Å"My Kinsman, Major Molineux† as such, the reader sees Robin as a simple country youth, endeavoring first to throw... ...eristics of an allegory, it is now apparent that the work contains more dimensions. The reader need not categorize this story, either as an allegory or as an historical commentary. Indeed, there being evidence to support both interpretations, to do so would be a mistake. Allegorically, the story warns the reader that once one enters Hell, he is destined to participate in it forever. Historically, it paints an uniquely sympathetic portrait of British loyalists and their persecution at the hands of colonial patriots. In both respects, Hawthorne’s work has merit. Thus, in answer to the question previously posed, the reader is justified in interpreting â€Å"My Kinsman, Major Molineux† as an allegorical work. However, he is not justified in dismissing its historical virtues. Hawthorne’s story can and should be read carefully, with the reader appreciating its many dimensions.

How do you respond to Shakespeare’s presentation Essay

The theme of fathers and sons, and responsibilities and obligations placed on sons, by fathers, is arguably one of the more important themes in the play. Shakespeare puts forward three main interpretations of father and son relationships, and each brings out interesting viewpoints about responsibilities and obligations for the reader. The first father and son relationship that Shakespeare presents is that of Hamlet and his father, old Hamlet. In the encounter between Hamlet and the ghost of his father, Hamlet has the ‘responsibility’ of revenge thrust upon him, and he cannot reject it, List, list, O, list! If thou didst ever thy dear father love – If thou hast nature in thee, bear it not. Shakespeare presents old Hamlet as being pathetic and incapable of avenging himself. The ghost, therefore, does not incite Hamlet’s initiative by instilling fear in him, but rather through putting him in a guilt-trap, making Hamlet feel that he is somehow obliged to carry out the vengeful murder in place of his father, as the ghost cannot attend to it himself. In my opinion, this action, on the part of the ghost, was the ‘final push’ that caused Hamlet to fall into his apparent madness. Hamlet was obviously moved by the ghost’s words. And thy commandment all alone shall live Within the book and volume of my brain, Unmixed with baser matter. This was very largely unfair of the ghost of his father, on Hamlet, enthusiastic though he seemed at first. It placed an unnaturally large amount of pressure on Hamlet, having to commit such a daunting act, however justified it may have seemed. Shakespeare emphasizes the effect of this action in Hamlet’s life, in the many incidences and soliloquy’s where Hamlet just muses, thinks the situation out and talks about it, but can never bring himself to actually do anything about the revenge. In the relationship of Laertes and Polonius, there is not so much responsibility placed on Laertes by Polonius, as there is nagging and nitpicking about the way that Laertes should present himself and the way he should live his life when he is overseas. In this sense, the ‘responsibilities’ being placed on Laertes are those of keeping in his father’s will and rule, and maintaining a good name for himself. At the point in the play, in act I. 3, Polonius is displayed by Shakespeare as just another normal father, or maybe more appropriately, a mother, who is proud of his son, but needs to remind him to keep a good image all the same. This ‘bestowing’ of responsibility can be considered to be only natural for any father to do. However, in act II. 1, we see that Polonius is actually quite obsessed with the idea that his son might bring shame to Polonius, and goes to the extents of sending a spy keep a watch on Laertes, and even ‘muddy’ his name, so that he does not get too comfortable. But breath his faults so quaintly that they may seem The taints of liberty, the flash and outbreak of a fiery Mind ‘I saw him enter a house of sale’, Videlicet, a brothel, or so forth. Polonius even goes to extents of ‘dishonouring’ so that he may retain his own honour, which is a rather strange sense of logic. In this sense, it can be said that Polonius places responsibility on his son just to save himself any possible shame. This is rather selfish on the part of Polonius, but it is in accordance with Shakespeare’s illustration of Polonius’s character as being that of a conniving, scheming, slightly evil old man that you might feel sorry for. In the relationship of young Fortinbras and his foster-father, or father-figure, old Norway, we see, again, a ‘normal’ attitude of a parent toward their child. When Fortinbras’s plans for an attack on Claudius’s realm are found out by Norway, he immediately admonishes the impetuous firebrand of a youth and prevents him from doing so. When Fortinbras indicates that he doesn’t actually want to go along with the attack, Norway forgives him and even allows him to come to Denmark on peaceful terms. In this sense, old Norway is teaching Fortinbras the responsibility of thinking clearly and not acting rashly or whimsically. On the whole, Shakespeare presents the responsibilities and obligations placed on the sons, by their fathers, in Hamlet, as ways for the fathers to get what they want. In the case of Hamlet and the ghost, it is for the ghost’s want of revenge and justice for a ‘murder most foul’, without much thought as to the effects of the deed, and even the contemplation of the deed, in the case of Hamlet, on him. In the case of Laertes and Polonius, it is a selfish and unwarranted want to save his own face from any shame that Laertes need not necessarily have caused in the first place. In the case of Norway and Fortinbras, it is the want to maintain good diplomatic relations and the prevention of unnecessary quarrels. In all cases except the diplomatic one, the fathers in question were rather selfish and self-centered in thinking of ways to get their sons to do their bidding. In the case of Norway and Fortinbras, it was done for diplomatic reasons, but it was still to save the bed-ridden Norway’s old skin. This gives a rather negative impression of father figures and what they tell their children to do. Possibly, Shakespeare chose to illustrate these aspects of fatherhood the way that he did because it was his own interpretation of ‘responsibilities and obligations’ set down by fathers, maybe drawn from his own bad experiences with his own father during his younger days. Hamlet, as a play, could be then seen to be a Shakespearean ‘self-help’ guide on â€Å"How to know what is right to do as a father by knowing what is wrong to do as a father†, and it could have been a lesson to all the bad fathers out there who use manipulate their sons as they would a mindless henchman.

1 Corinthians 13 What Is Love Essay

The Excellence of Love (1 Corinthians 13)1 If I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, but do not have love, I have become a noisy gong or a clanging cymbal. 2If I have the gift of prophecy, and know all mysteries and all knowledge; and if I have all faith, so as to remove mountains, but do not have love, I am nothing. 3 And if I give all my possessions to feed the poor, and if I surrender my body to be burned, but do not have love, it profits me nothing. 4 Love is patient, love is kind and is not jealous; love does not brag and is not arrogant, 5 does not act unbecomingly; it does not seek its own, is not provoked, does not take into account a wrong suffered, 6 does not rejoice in unrighteousness, but rejoices with the truth; 7 bears all things, believes all things, hopes all things, endures all things. 8 Love never fails; but if there are gifts of prophecy, they will be done away; if there are tongues, they will cease; if there is knowledge, it will be done away. 9 For we know in part and we prophesy in part; 10 but when the perfect comes, the partial will be done away. 11 When I was a child, I used to speak like a child, think like a child, reason like a child; when I became a man, I did away with childish things. 12 For now we see in a mirror dimly, but then face to face; now I know in part, but then I will know fully just as I also have been fully known. 13 But now faith, hope, love, abide these three; but the greatest of these is love.

How Effective Are Various Methods in Reducing Recidivism Essay

Prison, non-custodial sentences and rehabilitation seem all failed in reducing recidivism; however, there is little and limited evidence to support non-custodial sentences, as well as some people think if rehabilitation could be implemented effectively, it would work. Although the advantage of prison is keeping our society from dangerous people, when it comes to reducing recidivism rate, the effect of prison is disappointing. The public usually think that imprisonment is safer for communities; however, it appears powerless to deter inmates from committing crime again. In the article, â€Å"Study shows building prisons did not prevent repeat crimes†, Fox Butterfield (2002) cites a large-scale study of recidivism from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, which investigated up to 272,111 former prisoners in 15 states during the first three years after being released. It found that 67% of inmates broke the law again in three years right after their release in 1994. It is surprised that it does not make any difference to recidivism rate which was studied in 1960’s, and it is even 5% higher than the study done in 1983. In addition, it indicated that the more rearrest records a criminal has, the higher recidivism rate he has. The inmates who have more than 15 prior arrests have 82. 1% of recidivism rate. Nevertheless, according to Emily Kingham’s article (2006), she believes that prison forces offenders to regret and reflect on their behaviour; as for the reason that criminals cannot reject the temptation of committing new crime is because of inadequate provided support. In spite of this, some experts have admitted that prison does not work in terms of reducing recidivism rate (Considering the alternatives 1978; Finckenauer 1988). Some limited evidence has shown that non-custodial sentences may decrease recidivism; regardless of some experts being sceptical about their desired achievements. On the one hand, alternative sentences can help government save money and alleviate over-cramped number of criminals in prison (Considering the alternatives 1978). On the other hand, Kingham(2006) points out that alternative sentences do nothing but return prisoners to their original circumstances, which result in unawareness of their crimes and the onsequences. One study indicated that through one of alternative sentences, intensive probation, recidivism rate is less than 20%; however, the evidence maybe weak as the study has not been completely put into practice (Considering the alternatives 1978). Furthermore, in the Minnesota, alternative sentences have been successfully adopted to keep criminal rate not increasing, but it may not be convinced because of the source not being confirmed (Considering the alternatives 1978) . While some people argue rehabilitation is also failed in reducing recidivism rate, some authors counter that if government could support rehabilitation, recidivism rate would decrease. According to the article, â€Å"Prison†, James O. Finckenauer (1988) cites some studies, which shows that even though the government has already provided with good rehabilitation programmes, they cannot achieve reformatory of inmates. On the other hand, this position is contested by Joan Petersilis (cited in Butterfield 2002), a professor of criminology at the University of California at Irvine and an expert on parole, who says that state governments spent such little money on rehabilitation programs that inmates do not receive sufficient help with drug addition, work skill and preparation for a new life, which may lead increasing recidivism rate. Butterfield (2002) further cites the statement by Mr. Travis, who also argues that criminals return to crime.

Ethos, Pathos, and Logos

Ethos, Pathos and Logos Even someone living under a rock has most likely heard of the ongoing debate for and against outsourcing. Outsourcing is defined as enlisting help from an outside supplier or manufacturer in order to increase profit. To make someone gain interest in one’s view on something such as outsourcing, one needs to make a persuasive argument. A good persuasive argument contains three aspects: ethos, logos, and pathos. Ethos is established in the character or displayed character of the writer or speaker.Logos uses logical evidence or reason usually with facts or statistics. Pathos appeals to the reader’s emotions. Thomas Friedman, three-time Pulitzer Prize-winning author and The New York Times columnist, uses rhetoric to increase the persuasiveness of his pro-outsourcing article â€Å"The Great Indian Dream. † Meanwhile, David Moberg, senior editor and contributor to numerous national publications, uses different examples using the same tools in his anti-outsourcing article â€Å"High-tech Hijack. Articles, such as these for and against outsourcing, use rhetorical persuasion by citing different examples and facts to add appeal to a specific view. â€Å"The Great Indian Dream,† the pro-outsourcing essay, contains several examples of persuasion using rhetoric. Thomas Friedman discusses how India came to be a workforce to compete with, in a logical and easily understood approach. Friedman demonstrates knowledge on the issue by acknowledging the opposing argument that outsourcing can be bad news from a competition point of view, but claims there is a solution.Friedman, citing what an Indian executive once told him, explains how all the United States needs to do to eliminate concern for outsourcing is â€Å"redouble their efforts at education and research†(Friedman). This is a truly persuasive statement because it establishes the character of the writer making him seem unbiased with this simple solution. Pathos is of ten demonstrated with the use of children, animals, and memories to evoke an emotional response from the reader. In â€Å"The Great Indian Dream,† Thomas Friedman applies this technique using his nine year-old daughter and his imagined granddaughter.Friedman adds persuasion to his argument by appealing to the reader’s sense of awe. This is shown through the innocence of a child’s response to questions about where products come from. This emotional response tends to make the example more relatable for the reader. In addition to using children to persuade, pathos can also be seen in the quote taken from Rajesh Rao while talking about how American executives now know proper Hindi greetings. Mr. Rao, a software marketing manager from India, states, †A few years ago nobody in America wanted to talk to us.Now they are eager†(Friedman). This statement attempts to make the reader feel a sense of sadness for the Indians before offshoring began, and a feeling of happiness now that it has begun. The last element of persuasion, logos, provides the greatest depth of logical reasoning for favoring a specific view. For example, Friedman shines a light on the time-zone difference, which allows for a continuous workday between the United States and India. With the chance to develop one’s own company nonstop by working 24 hours a day, who wouldn’t logically make this choice?Furthermore, India contains 555 million people under the age of 25, all raised with a strong emphasis on education. Friedman reveals this image of India which is comprised of so many young and intelligent individuals that make the country the obvious place to go in search of a large quantity of less expensive employees. â€Å"High-tech hijack,† an anti-outsourcing essay, demonstrates the same principles of persuasion in an attempt to influence the reader to oppose outsourcing.David Moberg also gained a great deal of credibility on outsourcing by winning t he Max Steinbeck Award from the International Labor Communications Association and a Project Censored Award for his coverage of labor issues. Moberg cites several respected sources, such as IDC, a private IT research firm, University of California Berkeley, and Economic Policy Institute, which only adds to the persuasion of his argument making it that much more supported. Using highly respected sources and discussing a solution to the problem by means of government legislation displays ethos for his position.Moberg points out a study of the gross overpayment of corporate positions found that â€Å"Executive pay for the 50 largest outsourcers of service jobs increased dramatically in 2003 to 28 percent above the average for large-company CEOs†(Moberg). This alarming number he uses, combined with the rising unemployment rate, renders a sense of contempt in the reader towards these money driven executives. Secondly, Mr. Moberg uses a first-hand example, with the story of Stephen Gentry to express his relatable emotions felt by many.Gentry, a fifteen year technical programmer for Boeing, worked fulltime while earning a computer-science degree and was forced to train his Indian replacements before being fired. After being unemployed for eighteen months, Stephen Gentry describes American corporations as â€Å"so greedy and cutthroat-oriented they don’t care about me, you or anybody else except their bottom line†(Moberg). This quote, taken from an individual with experience in the subject, persuades the reader showing a significant emotional experience caused by outsourcing. Mr.Moberg presents the use of logos while talking about several credible studies regarding offshoring. The first study conducted by University of California Berkeley estimates that 14 million service jobs are vulnerable. This staggering number persuades the reader against outsourcing which is logically the cause of the United States’ high unemployment problem. Both art icles have good examples of persuasion, but both also seem to put their own spin on what facts to omit. Friedman’s position, being positive regarding offshoring, shapes his argument in many ways.First, he fails to mention all the jobs lost in America due to outsourcing, yet he puts a positive spin on the subject by discussing how greatly it is helping India’s economy. Secondly, Friedman also mentions that the United States can simply fix the problem they are facing by working four times as hard towards education and research. According to â€Å"Outsourcing decision support: a survey of benefits, risks, and decision factors a neutral academic,† an academic article by Tibor Kremic, â€Å"The social costs of outsourcing may be difficult to quantify but they can be significant.Outsourcing may result in low morale, high absenteeism, lower productivity, etc. † Friedman leaves this fact out while Moberg seems to stress it. Meanwhile, Moberg, being anti-outsourci ng, fails to mention the great economic impact on India, and instead he focuses largely on the mass unemployment generated solely in America. Friedman also claims the resolution for the problem lies majorly on government legislation and should be fixed through new stricter laws.Whether pro or against the issue, it’s easy to see how a basic argument can be shaped using ethos, pathos, and logos to persuade the reader. By using these rhetorical tools one can appeal to any reader through a basic emotional response. Either emotion or logic can completely lose its appeal however without ethos by the writer. Both readers use pathos and logos well, but when it comes to ethos David Moberg takes the cake. Rhetoric along with using specific facts can be the difference when it comes to persuading the public in favor of a certain view one holds.

Biology Post Lab on Osmosis and Diffusion

Brian Toohey Biology Mrs. Heimforth 12/06/10 Diffuse the Osmosis Section 2: Introduction Step 1: The scientific concept of this lab was to see how osmosis transferred the substance through the cells to reach equilibrium. Step 2: My hypothesis was that the bag with 60% sucrose then it would be heavier than the bag with tap water or 30% sucrose. I thought this because I thought that there would be more of a substance change in 60% sucrose. Section 3: Methods First get 3 pieces of the same length of tubing then get 6 pieces of string. Fold one half of the tube over and tie the end with string.Then add 5 ml of 30% sucrose solution in the tubes. Squeeze the bag gently to release air fold it over and tie it with another piece of string. Rinse bags under water then dry. Then weigh bags to nearest tenth of a gram and record. Then place one bag in each of the beakers. Then let them sit for 30 minutes do not touch. Remove bags quickly rinse and dry and reweigh. Then record results. Section 4: Results Step 1: | 60% sucrose | 30% sucrose | Tap Water | before | 6. 2 | 4. 6 | 5. 4 | after | 4. 3 | 4. 5 | 4. 8 | Step 2: As the sucrose decreases so does the weight.I have found that when you decrease the amount of sucrose it will cause the water to go outward making the bag weigh less. Section 5: Step 1: The lab experimentation did not support my hypothesis because the weight decreased more with the sucrose. Step 2: The specific data that made my hypothesis wrong is the fact that when we added less sucrose the after weight decreased as shown in my graph. Step 3: The results did not support my hypothesis because when the water was greater on the inside it went outside by using osmosis but when the water was greater on the outside it went inside making the bag heavier.Step 4: When we were conducting the experiment one bag might have sat in the cups to long. Step 5: I have learned that water is the only thing that can be sent through the cell without using energy. I also learned t hat through diffusion smell spreads. Step 6: I learned that it is very hard to keep track of things you don't label it takes a lot of memory. ;)Section 6: References Postlehwait, John H. , and Janet L. Hopson. Modern Biology. Austin: Holt, Rinehard, and Winston, 2006. 65-73. Print

Chemistry Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chemistry Paper - Essay Example The treaty had over 300 stations that were used as sniffers of the radionuclides. It also had the ability to listen to the lowest frequencies, and had the ability to record the tremors. The main purpose of this treaty was to exercise the chemistry principle that went be the terms safer chemistry for accident prevention. The main reason for this concept or principle was to exercise all activities that were environment friendly. The establishment of this treaty led to more emphasis on environment consciousness by all countries including the super powers like the United States. The international monetary system supports the CTBT process with over 1 billion dollars’ worth of funds. The funding has ensured that the treaty is implemented successfully, which is attributable to the reduction of activities involving testing of explosives. The plan was set up that would enable institutions and some individuals to work with CTBT was a good step as this will enable them to learn more from each other hence making sure the environment friendly activities are exercised fully. Most of these institutions handle chemical substances. Working with CTBT will ensure proper use and exposure of these chemicals. Clery, D. (2015). Plundering a nuclear test ban treasure-trove. News.sciencemag.org. Retrieved 23 June 2015, from

Managerial Economic and Quantitative Analysis Essay

Managerial Economic and Quantitative Analysis - Essay Example Thomas & Maurice, 2007). So in order to obtain the profit equation, total cost equation is subtracted from the total revenue equation (that is, profit = total revenue – total cost). However, from the equations given, there is no total cost and total revenue function. In order to obtain a total revenue function of the two firms, the demand function of each firm is integrated, and in order to obtain the total cost of each firm, the average cost function of each firm is integrated. After obtaining the total revenue and total cost functions, it is now possible to obtain the profit function. Economists argue that profits are maximized where total cost balances total revenue. So in order to obtain optimal price and output of each firm working individually, the total cost function is equated to the total revenue function (R. Thomas, C. Thomas & Maurice, 2007). This helps in obtaining the optimal output and price. Optimal price and output may also be obtained through differentiating t he profit function of each firm and equating it to zero, and then solving for the values of price and output. Consider the second case, where the two companies work together. ... Thomas, C. Thomas & Maurice, 2007). Part Two Estimation of the price per plane The estimated price per plane is as follows. price per plane (million $) probability Estimated price per plane (million $) 125 0.25 500 175 0.25 700 225 0.5 450 Optimal output and price when the firms act individually Airbus optimal price and output Airbus demand function is P = 500 – 0.0003Q. From this demand function, the total revenue function derived by integrating the demand function is TR = 500Q – 0.0003Q2. Airbus has the following Average cost function; AVC = 104.8822Q – 0.001Q2 + 0.09 Q3. By integrating this average cost function, a total cost function is obtained; TC = 104.8822Q2 – 0.001Q3 + 0.09Q4. In order to determine the optimum quantity and price the profit function is obtained first and then differentiated with respect to output. The profit function obtained is 500Q – 104.8825Q2 + 0.001Q3 – 0.09Q4. Differentiating this profit function and solving for the value of Q yields the value of Q as 500 M. Hence, substituting the value of Q in the original demand function, the value of P obtained is $ 499.85 M. thus; the optimal values of price and output are $ 499.85 Million and 500 million respectively. Boeing Optimal Output and Price The demand function of the firm is P = 700 – 0.00013Q. The total revenue function obtained through integration of the demand function is TR = 700Q – 0.00013Q2. The Average cost function of the firm is AVC = 25.8678Q – 0.00023Q2 + 0.4Q3. Integration of this function yields TR = 25.8678Q2 – 0.00023Q3 + 0.4Q4. From the total revenue and total cost functions, the following profit function is obtained, which is then differentiated and equated to zero in order to obtain the value of Q that is