Economic and Social Determinants of Infant Mortality in Developing Essay

Economic and Social Determinants of Infant Mortality in Developing Countries - Essay Example It also aims at reducing health disparities in the developing countries, and a very important indicator of economic development. Neonatal mortality rates are particularly responsive to procedures in the course of the pregnancy, delivery and the neonatal period, as well as the care given to infants and their mothers. Postneonatal mortality rates are contemplated to be determined to largely by parental circumstances such as the care provision and their socioeconomic position. Studying mortality rates will help policy makers to come up with ways of reducing the infant mortality rates. For example, if one of the leading causes of infant mortality is lack of healthcare to women, policy makers can come up with methods of providing healthcare for pregnant women. Every day, millions of lives of infants are lost around the world. However, 80% of these deaths can be avoided if the right measures are taken. Studying the infant mortality rates helps the government, hospitals and other relevant a gencies come up with new ways of preventing reducing the infant mortality rate. It will also help to improve the current prevention methods. Infant mortality is not only caused by biological factors but also social and economic factors. Studying the causes of infant mortality will help doctors and scientist to come up with new ways of controlling the biological causes of infant mortality. This will also provide them with ideas on how they can improve the quality of medicine. This study will begin by a review of literature, to establish the evidence that other authors have found regarding this topic. An empirical study will follow, whereby two models will be analyzed using regression analysis statistical methods. The results of the statistical analysis will be reviewed, and a conclusion will be made. As study focusing on Croydon’s infant mortality, was conducted by Ghosh and Alves (2011), whereby they found that newborn

Social networking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Social networking - Essay Example Therefore, this paper seeks to critically evaluate the positive and negative impacts of social networking on human relationships. Social networking has significantly increased over the past years due to several reasons. There are different social sites such as MySpace, Twitter, YouTube and Facebook among others. However, Facebook has become the most popular social network across the whole globe due to various reasons. Established in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook was initially intended for college students but it has expanded to encompass the whole world and it currently has more than 500 million users surpassing other social networks such as Myspace (Coyne Elliot, https://sites.google.com/site/elliottcoyne8292/research-paper---effects-of-social-networking N.D). The number of Facebook users is increasing on a daily basis and it can be seen that all age groups are using this social site for their communication needs. This section of the paper outlines some of the benefits of using social media such as Facebook. Basically, social media is very effective in linking people from different places across the globe. For instance, it is possible for people to search for friends as well as relatives through the use of social networks such as Facebook. The use of this social network is very effective since it helps people to stay in contact regardless of the distance that can exist between them. Users of this communication platform can upload their profiles including pictures and they can also share what is in their mind with friends and relatives. Culture exchange can be enhanced through the use of social media such as Facebook. This allows other people from different backgrounds to learn cultures belonging to other individuals. This is very important since it helps to promote social cohesion among people from different social backgrounds which helps to build good relations among different people. The other advantage of this social

Self-awareness and career management (1) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Self-awareness and career management (1) - Essay Example The willingness of workers to move from one place to another in order to get hold on better work is generally called job mobility (Griffeth & Hom, 2004). The factors that trigger this notion by indulging employees are collectively known as job embeddedness (OECD, 2001). The concept of job embeddedness is hired to ensure the job stability by forecasting a banker’s potential to quit (Allen, 2006). The concept of job embeddedness was presented by Mitchell and his colleagues in 2001 in order to explicate why some employees want to leave their job whilst others do not. For them there are certain factors such as association with the community, cost of quitting the job, etc. that do not let them leave the job. Empirical studies show that embeddedness is all about encouraging higher performance ergo retaining employees by embedding their co-workers (Liao, 2010). Mitchell and his colleagues identified three factors: links, fit, and sacrifice. Links means the connection between people a nd activities whilst fits refer to how well the job and its communities fit with other aspects of peoples’ lives. And the last element is sacrifice which refers to whatever the person loses once he quits his job. (Shultz et al, 2007) One has to recognize the role of job satisfaction in the decision making process for a person. For them if a person is satisfied with the job, he will not think of quitting but the likelihood of quitting becomes higher in the case of dissatisfaction (Shultz, 2007). Job Mobility Many researchers imply the study of job mobility for the analysis of the labourers’ behaviours against different job offers (Rooney & Hepworth, 2009). No worker is said to be able to get a job best suited to his demands and capabilities in the first phase of his job career (EUROPA, 2008). This leads the workers to be always in search of such firms which value their skills more than their present employers (Liao, Martocchio & Joshi, 2010). Thus, there can be three ma in types of job mobility: employment mobility, job-to-job mobility, and occupational mobility; and some of the factors that affect it are: job tenure, rate of bonuses and chances of growth (Winget, 2007). The rate of job mobility varies from one country to another depending upon the respective economic conditions as well as the demands of the workers. The data published by Eurobarometer (2005) on the job mobility rate is displayed underneath. The researchers believe that the tendency of job mobility is greater in the lower-wage jobs than highly paid ones (Delfgaauw, 2006, p.78; OECD, 1999). Farber (1999) has studied the job-changes by employing the data from the Current Population Survey and found out that the job tenure is one of the key determinants to job changes. The greater the job tenure is the lesser will be the chances of job mobility. This study also reveals that the wages offered by the firms also vary with the job experience in the respective firm (Madrian, 1993). The sam e rule applies to the banking sector where big bankers move to the job with high salary or bonuses offerings. The fact is testified by a bulletin of the ‘Evening Standard’ 2004, (a UK newspaper), according to which a group of senior bankers had quit the ‘Fox-Pitt, Kelton’ (an investment bank of UK) in order to join the rival company of Citigroup. In addition to this, fourteen analysts and traders had quit the â€Å"

A Short Discussion on the Use of Imagery in James Joyces Araby Essay

A Short Discussion on the Use of Imagery in James Joyces Araby - Essay Example James has explained this side of the world and bitter realities in various parts of the story. For example, the North Richmond Street has been described as a cold silent street with a dead-end. James has also highlighted the details of other parts such as the young boy’s house, the gloominess that surrounds his house and his street, his relationship with his aunt and uncle, the details related to the priest who died in his house and about his belongings that raises the spiritual feelings in young boy’s heart and mind and lastly, the boy’s two trips that took him on the quest of discovering the meaning of real life and bring him back to state of consciousness that unfolded the blindness before his eyes (Donschikwoski). The background of the place where the young boy lived, well illustrates the true and real meanings of the life. Furthermore, as described by the author that the people who lived there including the boy’s aunt and uncle had a limited vision of life, conservative in their opinions and were unable to value anything in life; bounded to live an isolated life. In his story James Joyce has used various symbolic presentations which helped him to make his reader understand the real background of the story. For example, the belongings of the dead priest which included the priest’s old bicycle pump that was getting more corrosive in the rain and his old yellow books. These simple things indicate the character of the priest and his devotion towards God and his fellow men through his services. But after his death, his books became more old and yellow as well as his bicycle pump turned rustier. This whole effect signifies the downturn in the spiritual and intellectual condition of t he present state in which the young boy was living (Thurston). And in such environment of â€Å"spiritual analysis† the young boy endures his first love, experiences the arousal of sensuous desires and romantic fantasies. The religion has its strong roots entrenched in the lives of the people of North Richmond Street, but it was merely just a religion with shattered faith. However, for a young boy who is enduring the experiences of first love, finds the interpretation for his feelings from his religious learning and the romantic books he read. This ultimately resulted in confused and disillusioned understanding of love combined with religion, faith and pure romance. This developed the world of dreams inside him (Atherton). Gradually, at different levels the boy encounters the reality and irony of life that he ignores at first but his trip to Araby; a bazaar, which he believed as an â€Å"Oriental enchantment† uncovers the hidden reality which made him to believe that l ife and love have no similarity between them and both of these are different from a person’s understanding of dream and imagination. James Joyce has described the Araby market as a narrow and a dark place, where one could only hear the voice of falling coins and profits, a world that opposes the young boy’s dreams of romance and ideal. His late arrival at the bazaar with majority of stalls closed, brought him to an opened stall where he received a very cold attention from the saleslady. She was more interested in her conversation with the two gentlemen and paid no attention

Discussion Board Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Discussion Board Questions - Essay Example In the same way, there may be limited opportunities for college students and new graduates based on their less experience. For a college student on job hunting, it is vital to consider opportunity as compared to salary. This is based on the fact that even the low paying jobs require reasonable skills that a college student may not posses. Unions improve the productivity of employees in various ways. First, by allowing employees to join labor unions it makes them to feel secured in their employment. As a result of security, they feel motivated thus making them more productive. It is worth to note that workers are not only motivated by high salaries but also efforts by the management to address their problems. It is through unions that employee’s grievances can be sent to the employers. Another way through which union enhances employee’s productivity is by training them on their rights and responsibilities. Through such training, employees are aware of how to effectively perform their duties as well as solving of internal conflicts thus giving them opportunities for promotions and more benefits. Unions help in negotiation process and solving the problems between the employers and the employees without use of violence and destruction. Cofer and Appley 26 argue that this allows employees to be part and parc el of the negotiation process leading to improved employees self esteem and enhanced workers performance. Management has a responsible for allowing its workers to join a pay negotiation with the unions. It is worth to note that organisations fail due to lack of effective collective bargaining. In this regard, management must allow ample opportunities to unions to give their views on the salaries. This implies that it is the responsibility of the management to provide information regarding the amount of salaries and benefits offered to the

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 15

Management - Essay Example The constitution of Italy was adopted in 1947, following a referendum on 2 June 1946 that abolished the Italian monarchy and established Italy as a parliamentary republic. The constitution took effect January 1, 1948. The 1948 constitution created the position of President to fulfil the ceremonial roles of the Italian monarchy. The country is divided into regions, provinces and municipalities. The are 20 regions, which are divided into 95 provinces.   For quite a long time Australia and Italy has good relations with each other which are underpinned by strong community ties which has led to the development of strong trade and investment and cultural links amongst the two countries. Many bilateral agreements have been concluded between Australia and Italy covering many areas such as culture, double taxation, air services, economic and commercial cooperation, reciprocal social security and health care benefits, and film co-production. Many memorandums of understanding (MoUS) have been signed in areas such as science and technology cooperation, defense materiel, defense industry, motor vehicle safety certification, game meat exports and trade cooperation. The relations between the two countries can be proved by the number of high level visits made by the country representatives. Foreign Minister Alexander Downer visited Rome for bilateral meetings with Foreign Minister Massimo D’Alema, the Minister for European Policies and International Trade, Emma Bonino, and the Minister for the Interior Giuliano Amato.   An Australian Parliamentary Delegation headed by President of the Senate, Senator the Hon Paul Calvert, visited in 2005, and met with the Italian Presiding officers.  The Speaker of the House of Representatives, Neil Andrew, met his Italian counterpart Pierferdinando Casini in Rome during the summer of 2003. The Prime Minister, John Howard, visited Italy in July 2002, meeting then

Bsn vs Associate Degree in Nursing Essay Example for Free

Bsn vs Associate Degree in Nursing Essay Nursing is a knowledge based discipline, which focuses on the wholeness of human being. (Faucett, 1933. ) As per definition nurses are playing great role in modern medicine, either with an associate degree or as bachelor of nursing degree. Both, with the same licensure, the Registered Nurse. Nurse. The Associate dDegree nNurse(ADN) takes a shorter path of two years where the BSN takes longer one with 4 years of education to complete the degree. When we compare the data collected by various groups of nursing professionals, it is evident that the mortality rate, medication errors and patient outcomes are largely improved with high number of BSN onboard. The ADNAssociate degree nurse program was introduced to minimize the nursing shortage during post, second world warSecond World War. Even though The Goldmark report in 1923 recommended that the entry level of education for professional practice as a registered nurse should be a bachelorBachelor of Science in nursing (BSN), the new Associate degree nurse programs, gained much popularity among health care settings, and continuesprograms, gained much popularity among health care settings, and continue even today. Associate degree nursing programs are more to task oriented, where BSN program is based on theory and research. The needs of patients are changing on a daily basis, the need for higher education for nurses is in great demand.. Nurses are advocates of patient population, so be prepared to have the knowledge to help them, in preventive medicine, risk reduction, disease management, public health and over all provide a safe environment as per Nightingales theory of environment. When you compare work of an associate degree nurse with a BSN on a daily basis you could see the differences of approaches between associate degree nurse and a BSN. In this author’s experience, an associate degree nurse is well oriented to practical side of nursing, which is well evidenced. When comes to a patient with MRSA infection of an amputated limp site, the Associate degree nurse, is quick to get the patient pain meds, help with positioning, dressing changes, and maintains a clean environment, maintains contact isolation and provided emotional support. Whereas the BSN is there to teach the patient and family about prevention of infection, promotion of healing by correct diet choices, increasing activity and maintain the previous activity level, and prevent progression of infection and further loss. Also coordinated the care with dietary, physical therapy, occupational therapy, social services and case management services etc, thus provided the patient a smooth transition to the new life as a right above knee amputee. The BSN did investigate about the support groups, prosthesis options, family dynamics, and so on. In this situation one could clearly see the different ways of an associate nurse in their scope of practice vsvs. BSN performed through evidence based nursing practices. The expectation to the future of nursing is that, nurse should be capable of maintaining a patient’s over all well being, mentally, physically, socially and emotionally. One could obtain those qualities through proper education and adapting multiple ways of thinking. The ability of clinical reasoning is very important. The clinical picture of patient is changing, always ask yourself, why, what and how. Why the clinical picture is changing, what are the causes, and how can we correct that. For this we have to understand the metaparadigm of nursing, explained by the founders of nursing. A nurse also should have the clinical imagination, scientific and creative reasoning. The new age of nursing is characterized by a synthesis of facts and ideas that generate principles and theories. (Rogers,1994) . One could only achieve that by advancing one’s education to a higher level. Once you reach that level, the horizon is wide; you could further advance your studies to masters programs, nurse practitioner in various disciplines, go for doctorate programs etc. etc. In a study report from International Jjournal of nursingof Nursing sStudies, June 2009, headed by Dr. Kkoen Van den Heede found a major link between the number of BSN on cardiac care units and hospital mortality. Data analyzed from different countries including Canada, Belgium, Netherlands and USA. The result showed there were 4. 9 percentages fewer deaths per 1000 patients on intensive care units with higher number of nurses with BSN degree. Linda Aiken and her associates, in their Landmark study in 2003 showed a strong connection between the educational level of registered nurses and patient outcomes. Substantial survival advantage noted specially in surgical patient population. , Even as little as 10% increase in the BSN degree holders make a difference in patient death and failure to rescue by 5%. A highly educated nursing work force is essential to the future of nursing. In short, the medial world is changing, so as the patient. So it is imperative that, the nursing work force should change to meet the needs of future health care. So here the transition from associate degree nurse to BSN is much more appreciated and welcomed. Reference: -The reference page is a separate page. This is not APA format. Creating a more highly qualified nursing workforce (fact Sheet) Retrieved from http//www. aacn. nche. edu/media/factsheets/nursingwrkf. htm: Retrieved on 01/06/2012 from Creasia Friberge, The Bridge to Professional Practice, Conceptual foundations 5th edition.