The Civil War Essay Example for Free

The Civil War moveThe American Civil War and excessively known as the War Between the States was a struggle fought from 1861 up to 1865 between the blue and Southern United States. The war has led to over 618,000 casualties. There were some(prenominal) reasons to why the Civil War has occurred in the United States. Firstly, the Northern and the Southern have different economies. With the artifice of Eli Whitneys cotton gin in 1793, cotton became very profitable. This machine reduces the time taken to break down the seeds from the cotton. This leads to big plantations set up to meet up the demand of cotton and these plantation owners needed trashy labors, i. e. slaves. Hence, the Southern economy was found on agriculture and slavery while the Northern economy was based on industry and wages. These different economies caused a big division in the United States. On contrary, the northerners became more polarized against slavery. Sympathies began to grow for abolitionist an d to fight against slavery.Besides that, the election of Abraham Lincoln as the president of United States is also one of the reasons that trigger the Civil War. He wanted slavery to be abolished and even before the election, cardinal states have seceded from the Union, which are South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas, and formed the Confederate States of America (CSA) because they believed Abraham Lincoln was anti-slavery and in favor of the Northern interests. The Southern also felt that abolishing slavery would destroy their economy.

The Epic Of Gilgamesh | Analysis

The Epic Of Gilgamesh AnalysisThe epic of Gilgamesh, is maven of the oldest pieces of literary works whitewash read to date and the themes are still some that society can relate to. The trials and tribulations the of import characters in this epic poem go through can easily be used to encounter ch tout ensembleenges in peoples every solar day life today. Gilgamesh the hero in the story who is to a fault king to the grrust city of Uruk is blessed with strength, wisdom, beauty and is two-thirds god like. Gilgamesh is also very arrogant, self-absorbed and most certainly, lonely. The people of the city of Uruk solicit to the gods for help with Gilgamesh and the gods send Enkidu. Enkidu is a wild, natural and overseefree man who has subsisted in the woods. On a day when Gilgamesh is on his steering to do what he feels is his birth right and sleep with a bride to be of one of his men Enkidu blocks him and ch entirelyenges him to a fight. Gilgamesh who is undeniable the more power ful one of the two wins. Enkidu praises the king sort of of creation upset and causes Gilgamesh in slip by to embrace Enkidu as his hero. This is the beginning of a stick around of assistantship in which both are inverses but they balance each other(a) out. This is also where the transformation of Gilgamesh begins we see how collision his complement teaches him to appreciate tenderity and the bond of brotherhood that grows between them. Gilgamesh finally realized that the feeling of forlornness that he felt was the yearning of his soul for a true friend.Although it is a very primitive way but Gilgamesh begins to show signs of selflessness as soon as he brings his new found friend Enkidu root word. Gilgamesh introduces his new friend to his mother, Gilgameshs mother adopts Enkidu he sticks not only the servant, confidant, and friend of Gilgamesh, but also he is referred to as a blood brother. The first journey that Gilgamesh proposes is an flack to lift his friends spir its because he had sight his weeping, Gilgamesh speaks, why are your eyes full of tears, why are you listless, your strength turned to weakness? (Gilgamesh, tab key 2, 136-137). Gilgamesh has failed to get to know his friend and his action seem directionless and self-centred. When his intentions are to share what he feels would be a good time with Enkidu. Gilgamesh is not aware of the dangers in the quality and tells Enkidu they should journey into the forest and wipe out Humbaba. Enkidu attempts to speak some sense into Gilgamesh about the dangers of the wild but of course Gilgamesh still being selfish does not see his friend is trying to protect him. They set out to the forest Enkidu is entrusted to take care of the king of Uruk and bring him back home safe. Thought these two men righteous met there bond is immediate and while in the forest the trust Gilgamesh has in Enkidu is so great that when he wind ups from quiescency tells his friends his dreams and feels comfort i n his interpretation of them. When they finally reach their goal and confront the monster Humbaba in the forest the influence they convey on each other is obvious. Gilgamesh the never wavering strong one has spot thoughts and here come Enkidu and tell him those words of encou vexationment he needs to hear and Gilgamesh belt downs Humbaba. The men return home and are content for a while.As time progresses the loyalty Gilgamesh and Enkidu have towards each other grows. Almost childlike the way Enkidu responds to the princess and also goddess Ishtar who attempted to kill Gilgamesh in a fit of rage because he refused to marry her. Enkidu says to Ishtar If I could vanquish you, Id turn you to this, Id drape the guts be gradient you (Gilgamesh, Tablet 6, 154-155). Enkidu is referring to the guts of the dogshit of heaven the princess had released to kill Gilgamesh but it failed to do so instead the two friends join together and kill it taking its horns as a trophy. The men caring spiri t towards each other change surface though the response is playful in nature it brings comfort to the other to know that they have each others back. alas the gods felt that the insult towards Ishtar was enough and decide to punish the two friends. In the mist of all their adventures Gilgamesh has still never experienced a loss and still he feels that he is invincible. In spite of all of Gilgameshs power, he is incapable of pr withalting Enkidus death.Enkidu the great friend of Gilgamesh dies a death he considers to be a curse, he would have much rather a glorious death in battle but instead he lays in bed and waste away from an illness. This is the first time that Gilgamesh feels lost and helpless even his mighty strength cannot save his friend. Also Gilgamesh will get in touch with his human side and feel fear for he finally has come to the realization that he is human and death comes to all even him. Gilgamesh says, The fate of gentleman has overtaken him, Six days and seven ni ghts I wept for him, I would not add him up for burial, until a worm fell out of his nose. I was frightened (Gilgamesh, Tablet 10, 58-61) Gilgamesh referring to his friend Enkidu, that even after his death he was holding on to the hope that just maybe hes friend would wake up somehow. It took him seven days to finally realize that he is powerless against death. Gilgamesh gives his friend a waste burial ceremony, lays him to rest in what he describes as a perfect resting place. The king also serves umpteen offerings to the rulers of the underworld so that his friend is taking care of. Gilgamesh also calls on his craftsmen and has them build a statue in the image of his great friend covered in gold and other precious metals and stones to forever put down his friend. The fact remains Gilgamesh realizes his full humanity when Enkidu dies and he decides to go on a quest to look to for immortality.Gilgamesh still consumed with pride will go on one last journey to seek unending life, for he fears that his death will one day come just like it did for his friend Enkidu. Gilgamesh has become more aware of the vulnerability that comes along with being human. Without knowing he has also pick outed to care for another human being other than himself. Gilgamesh still full of pride refuses to give up and begins his journey. along the way Gilgamesh encounters a few obstacles, first it was a pair of serpents that guard the entrance of the mountain he intends to pass. He pleads with them to let him through and tells them he is expecting for unfading(a) life, even though they tell him that he will never find it he is relentless and refuses to give up so they let him through. Next, he encounters Siduri the tavern keeper who tell him again immortality is not for humans but Gilgamesh refuses to listen, he pleads saying he is heartsick for his friend and to please allow him to stigma or he will never have peace within. But Siduri advises him and tell him that he should be content and enjoy his life and tells him This, then, is the work of mankind (Gilgamesh, Tablet 10, 90). The king of Uruk has ability to live life to the fullest to be merry, but instead he refuses and continues his search for something that is not attainable to human beings. Gilgamesh reaches the sea which is the last obstacle he believes he needs to cross to reach Utanapishtim the oldest human known to man and the only human who has been disposed(p) immortal life by the gods. Gilgamesh believes that by reaching him he will find the answer hes looking for and be granted eternal life.After finally crossing the waters of death Gilgamesh finally reaches Utanapishtim and tells him the purposes of his journey is to seek eternal life. Gilgamesh says Enkidu, my friend whom I loved has turned into clay Shall I not lie down like him, and never get up, forever and ever?(Gilgamesh, Table 10, 265-267). In an effort to gain compassion from Utanapishtim this great male monarch of Uruk will go in to great detail in telling him of all the hardships he had to endure in his journey to reach the only person that may be able to tell him how to obtain immortality. Utanapishtim, does the opposite of what Gilgamesh expect him to do, instead of feeling pity for Gilgamesh he points out that all the hardships he has endured are by choice. Gilgamesh does not want to hear that instead he presses to know the reason why he has been granted immortality finally he learns the story of the flood and why the gods granted Utanapishtim everlasting life. Utanapishtim gives Gilgamesh one chance to everlasting life and challenges Gilgamesh to stay awake for a week, he fails when he wakes Gilgamesh says What then should I do, Utanapishtim, whither should I go, today that the Bereaver has seized my flesh? Death lurks in my bedchamber, and wherever I turn there is death (Gilgamesh, Tablet 10, 246-249). With nowhere else to go with his quest of eternity Utanapishtim sends Gilgamesh home not before tell ing him to count his blessings and enjoy his life. He also gives him a plant of everlasting youth that again Gilgamesh fails to take care of and drops it allowing a snake to eat it. Gilgamesh weeps and finally realizes that although he searched far and wide for the secret of immortality, he found nothing and lay exhausted. Gilgamesh returns home and for the first time he looks at his great city of Uruk with pride.The Epic of Gilgamesh showed the reasons of Gilgameshs grief and why his attempt to do the impossible was so important to him. In a way Gilgamesh was looking to see if there was anything he could do and maybe be able to bring his friend Enkidu back to life. Enkidu shows Gilgamesh true knowledge and love. It also showed how loyal friends could be to each other and how fast a friendship is born. The two friends learn from each other and support each other through all their journeys together. As Enkidu becomes more school by leaving his wild nature behind him, Gilgamesh was becoming a more selfless human being and leaving the tyrant king he used to be behind him Even though the two men had nothing in common in the surface they took notice of each others tribe spirits. Friends on impulse who formed a bond for no apparent reason but in return give us a glance at what it means to have a outperform friend and confidant. This also tells us that it doesnt matter how much humanity evolves the bonds we form with friends or family are just as important today as they were centuries ago.

Competition in the Construction Industry: Laing O’Rourke

Competition in the Construction Industry Laing ORourke lead one construction stanch and explain the nature of competition in its specific market orbit and discuss how it may be advised to secure contracts for future work.Laing ORourke is the United Kingdoms largest privately owned construction firm it operates internation in ally across a variety of antithetical firmaments deep down the construction industry. Formerly known as R. ORourke Son until its take everywhere of Laing Construction in 2001, Laing ORourke is one of the leading construction firms in the UK. The firm has a strong standing in sphere of influences including, march oning, transport, power, wet and utilities, mining, oil and gas. (Laing ORourke, 2014). This firm operates heavily in the private sector, with investments from large scale hotel operators, for example the Atlantis hotel, The Palm, Dubai to football game stadium developments, much(prenominal) as the upstart expansion of the Etihad Stadium in M anchester. (Prior, 2014).Laing ORourke also engages in a substantial issue forth of work in the public sector, (Laing ORourke, 2014) however everywhere recent years the borders between the private sector and public sector perk up been blurred to a head where frequently only a specification is given by the public sector client and the financing, design, build and main(prenominal)tenance is taken on by the private sector firm (Myers, 2013). This methods popularity has soargond over the last 20 years mainly due to the dwindling amount of capital readily us subject to the public sector and also to the public sectors keenness to utilise as much of the firms specialist expertise and experience. This method of public sector and private sector partnership (Myers, 2013) is known as a Private Finance Initiative (PFI) and is often used for vomit ups such as schools, infrastructure, and hospitals. All types of developments which Laing ORourke has recently nethertaken. The contracts run for roughly 25 30 years (Myers, 2013) and so capitalises on the strengths of both sectors the specifications and requirements flood tide from the public sector client, and the development and maintenance aspects creation handled by the private sector firm. Because the private sector firm has had to invest its own assets into the PFI project, the public sector client pays an annual charge to the private sector firm or suffer al start the firm to retain any lucres do from the military operation (Myers, 2013). This method legally ties the contractor to the project and thus greatly increases the likelihood of the firm delivering a gamey timber product. As they ar responsible for the maintenance and running termss, (Myers, 2013) it is in the firms best interests to constrain a product which give non require a great deal of additional financial excitant to mention.Laing ORourke operates across most aspects of what Myers (2013) portion outs to be the broad definition of the construction industry. This ranges from suppliers of basic materials to the providers of profits such as transportation and demolition (Myers, 2013).Laing ORourke as a whole atomic number 18 cap sufficient of operate across such an expanse of sectors in the construction industry with the use of subsidiary companies. These atomic number 18 firms or departments which Laing ORourke has either created within the firm itself or purchased and brought under the Laing ORourke umbrella and allows for an blameless construction project to be completed using only one large contractor, themselves, instead of having to admit in sub-contractors and other professionals. This has a number of emoluments as it means that from day one thither laughing argumentation be excellent communication between everyone involved and consistency with aspects such as quality, pricing, budget and magazine anxiety (Laing ORourke, 2014). to the highest degree small firms specialise in a certain aspect of construction, such as building or civil engineering (Ive Gruneberg, 2000) precisely non usually a plurality of aspects. Laing ORourke is a major firm which owns different subsidiary companies within sub-industries which are of particularly mature use to the parent ships company. The firm electric ongoingly owns a total of 17 subsidiaries (FAME, 2014).An example of this practise would be that if Laing ORourke were to purchase or develop a steel fabrication firm and bring it under its confine wherefore all the steel work could be sourced from that arm of the company and sent to invest at infixed reduced termss instead of paying a higher price for an unconditional firm to provide the resources. This allows for a substantial reduction in overall price and lead sentence during the construction process and would no doubt arrive at the potential to have a positive environmental effect.Laing ORourke have taken this practise a step further and have delved into the mining industry. They are responsible for some construction materials from their initial removal from the ground all the way up to their creation on site. Laing ORourke have been mining materials such as coal, iron ore, zinc, bauxite, alumina, diamond, and copper for over 40 years in Australia (Laing ORourke, 2014).Since Laing ORourke acquired Crown House Technologies and Barclay Mowlem in 2004 and 2006 respectively (Laing ORourke, 2014), they have completed some of the most recognisable and both culturally and economically signifi give the gatet building projects in the world. The firm was responsible for the construction works for the half a billion pound regeneration project known as Liverpool One, in Liverpool in 2008 to mark the citys celebration as the European capital of glossiness. The project has been hailed as a great success, breakd the local economy and transformed the see to it of the city almost in its entirety. (Laing ORourke, 2014).The size and range of Laing ORourkes operations set the firm in a sector of the market which suffer be described as an oligopoly. Cooke (1996) wrote that Oligopolistic industries are characterised by a small number of firms accounting for a large balance (or all) of total output. Laing ORourke is one of a relatively small number of firms that is responsible for a very large proportion of all construction work. This raises an interesting point as the industry is in fact dominated by a large number of small firms (Cooke, 1996). This is mainly due to the construction industry being fixing specific. The resources and materials for a project may all come from static factories, but the actual construction act itself must always take place on the site itself, such is the nature of construction (Cooke, 1996). This is unconstipated the case where an entire building may be produced using prefabricated components, the actual coming together of the move will happen on site. This is where a firm like Laing ORourke will utili se the smaller, more(prenominal) location specific firms to aid in their efforts. These smaller firms operate in an area of the market which could be described more as non emulous competition, even bordering on perfect competition in places. Cooke (1996) describes monopolistic competition asMonopolistic competition exists when a large number of firms are operating in a particular market but, unlike perfect competition, each producer offers the customer a passably differentiated product or when firms offering a analogous product are located in different geographical areasThis oligopolistic competition at the top end of the construction industry has meant that the top 50 construction firms in the UK, sometimes even the top 10, are usually the same familiar pee-pees, minded(p) they regularly overtake one another year to year as the market whoremonger often be volatile and firms suffer easily lose out financially if a project has not gone well. This was touched on earlier where most of the construction work carried out on a whole is in reality by a small amount of large firms.Construction can be a very lucrative business even on a small scale. Therefore the amount of money passing finished the accounts of a firm the size of Laing ORourke is phenomenal. This section will boldness into some aspects of the firms accounts, which are readily available to the public as the firm is a hold in company.Parker (1999) states that all company balance sheets are built up from three main categories assets, liabilities and shareholders funds. Assets can be defined as rights or other access to future economic benefits controlled by a company as a result of past transactions or other events. genuine assets are assets which are to not be put back into the firm. This intromits mainly cash, debtors and stocks (Parker, 1999). In contrast, fixed assets are assets which are to be used in the continued operations and growth of the firm.The total assets can be anchor by comb ining the fixed and current assets.The net assets can be rear by subtracting the current liabilities from the total assets. display board 1. downstairs lay outs the total assets and net assets for the years 2012 and 2013.Table 1. Balance aeroplane Laing ORourke20132012Total Assets255,100,000 + 929,700,000 =1,184,800,000250,300,000 + 970,000,000 =1,220,300,000Net Assets1,184,800,000 865,400,000 =319,400,0001,220,300,000 914,400,000 =305,900,000Source FAME, 2014It can be seen that the total assets have dropped from 2012 to 2013, however the fixed assets actually grew by 4.7 million and the current assets dropped by 40.3 million. This records that more money was allocated to be put back into the company in 2013 than it was in 2012. The net assets show a growth of nearly 15 million.Below Table 2 shows similar look into another large construction firm Carillion.Table 2. Balance Sheet Carillion20132012Total Assets1,952,900,000 + 1,683,200,000 = 3,636,100,0002,026,500,000 + 1,834, 800,000 = 3,861,300,000Net Assets3,636,100,000 1,661,600,000 = 1,974,500,0003,861,300,000 1,688,400,000 = 2,172,900,000Source FAME, 2014This data shows a drop in fixed assets of about 73 million and also a drop of about 150 million current assets from 2012 to 2013, which shows that fewer assets were allocated in both sectors, so it is possible that the firm did not perform as well in 2013 as 2012. The net assets also show a drop over the time period. This is in contrast to Laing ORourke, who actually increased its overall assets. This does not mean though that Carillion have less assets than Laing ORourke, on the contrary, Carillion, even though the firm did not increase its assets over the year, do however still have about 6 times the amount of Laing ORourke.Gross profit can be arrange by deducting the turnover from the follow of sales. cabbage margin ratio can be found by dividing the net profit beforehandhand tax by the turnover and multiplying the answer by 100.Return on c apital employed can be found by dividing the profit before tax by the capital employed and multiplying the answer by 100, as is shown in the table (3) below.Table 3. Profit and passing account Laing ORourke20132012Turnover1,640,100,0001,622,400,000Cost of sales1,473,000,0001,448,700,000Gross Profit1,640,100,000 1,473,000,000 = 167,100,0001,622,400,000 1,448,700,000 = 173,700,000Net profit before tax21,500,00027,400,000Profit Margin1.311.69Return on capital employed6.738.96Source FAME, 2014Table 4. Profit and loss account Carillion20132012Turnover3,332,600,0003,666,200,000Cost of sales2,984,600,0003,279,400,000Gross Profit3,332,600,000 2,984,600,000 = 348,000,0003,666,200,000 3,279,400,000 = 386,800,000Net profit before tax110,600,000179,500,000Profit Margin3.324.90Return on capital employed5.608.26Source FAME, 2014These figures clearly show us that in both firms the gross profit figures have fallen. Also the profit margin and bring forth on capital gained has fallen in both c ases. Both firms did however come a profit over both years and the figures show that Carillions profit margins and return on capital gained are significantly higher than those of Laing ORourke. contemporary ratio can be found by dividing the current assets by the current liabilities.Acid test ratio can be found by subtracting stock from the current assets and dividing the answer by the current liabilities.Also the efficiency ratio can be found by dividing turnover by the current assets.Table 5. Solvency efficiency Laing ORourke20132012Current Assets929,700,000970,700,000Current liabilities865,400,000914,400,000Current ratio1.071.06Acid test ratio0.920.87Efficiency ratio1.761.97Source FAME, 2014Table 6. Solvency efficiency Carillion20132012Current Assets1,683,200,0001,834,800,000Current liabilities3,636,100,0003,861,300,000Current ratio1.011.09Acid test ratio0.981.05Efficiency ratio1.982.00Source FAME, 2014These figures show that both Laing ORourke and Carillions current ratio a nd acid test ratios are hovering around the 11 mark, but both firms display a reasonably high efficiency ratio.Laing ORourke are at the forefront of the construction industry with new ideas and methods with regards to reducing their impact on the environment. Their current methods include cutting carbon, eliminating waste, sourcing responsibly, and implementing a stringent environment indemnity that should see their impact on the environment be reduced significantly. Their greatest priority though is to refuse all accidents through their Mission Zero policy. This policy aims to eliminate all accidents resulting in the loss of one or more shifts by 2015 and to eliminate all accidents of any severity by 2020 (Laing ORourke, 2014). These efforts should go a long way to improving their exploit along with eliminating the bad practices often associated with the industry.To provide success in the future the firm could aim to eliminate waste from their productions entirely and endeavour to not just become carbon neutral, but to become a carbon negative firm that will actually help reverse the effects that the industry has on the environment. Also a continued development and implementation of Building Information Management (BIM) into their projects of all sizes up and down their cut line would further increase their effectiveness and efficiency as a firm (www.bim.construction.com, 2014).ReferencesBIM Construction (2014) Building Information Management. unattached from http//www.bim.construction.com/ Accessed 22 April 2014Cooke, A.J. (1996)political economy and Construction. Basingstoke Macmillan.FAME DatabaseIve, G.J. and Gruneberg, S.L. (2000)The political economy of the Modern Construction Sector. Basingstoke Macmillan.Laing ORourke (2014) Environment. Available from https//www.laingorourke.com/responsibility/environment.aspx Accessed 22 April 2014Laing ORourke (2014) Health and Safety. Available from https//www.laingorourke.com/responsibility/health-and-safety .aspx Accessed 22 April 2014Laing ORourke (2014) Our History. Available from https//www.laingorourke.com/who-we-are/our-history.aspx Accessed 22 April 2014Laing ORourke (2014) Our Sectors. Available from https//www.laingorourke.com/our-work/our-sectors/mining-and-natural-resources.aspx Accessed 22 April 2014Laing ORourke (2014) Our Work. Available from https//www.laingorourke.com/our-work.aspx Accessed 22 April 2014Laing ORourke (2014) What We Do. Available from https//www.laingorourke.com/what-we-do.aspx Accessed 22 April 2014Myers, D. (2013)Construction Economics A New Approachonline. 3rd ed. London Routledge. Accessed 22 April 2014.Parker, R.H. (1999)Understanding Company Financial Statements. 5th ed. London Penguin.Prior, G. (2014) Laing ORourke wins Man City stadium expansion. Available from http//www.constructionenquirer.com/2014/03/31/laing-orourke-wins-man-city-stadium-expansion/ Accessed 22 April 2014Word Count 2002Business Economics Management for Construction (UBIL6Y-20- 1) Page 1 of 9 competitive Advantage thoroughgoing(a) Atlantic and RyanairCompetitive Advantage Virgin Atlantic and RyanairThis report analyses how governing bodys can be strategicalally lamd towards success. The report uses the strategic materials the cultural mesh, the VRIO framework, the value chain and the the three levels of culture to identify how memorial tablets make competitive payoff. Virgin Atlantic and Ryanairs strategies are then subject to scrutiny under these frameworks to identify, in reality, how this is achieved.Competitive Advantage and Distinctive ResourcesThe intention of dodge is competitive reward. Competitive utility emerges when an organisation enforces a strategy that creates value that is not being achieved by its competitors (Henry, 2008). The reward becomes sustainable when competitors cannot mirror the value creation of the strategy. A characteristic resource of an organisation can be defined as a resource that cannot be imitated by other o rganisations (Henry 2008). strategical Planning Vision, set MissionA distinct characteristic of a successful organisation is limpidity over what is to be achieved. A clear purpose can enthuse employees, managers and senior managers due to the similar values they may share (Scott Jaff, 1993). A vision is the desired state the organisation aspires to accomplish, values are the core principles of an organisation and the billing gives reason to why an organisation exists (Kaplan et al, 2008). They deal to be clear and terse and easily understood by all levels of the firm.Carpenter and Porras (1996) emphasised why clarity of vision and mission hold importance they suggested employees who have a better understanding of the mission and vision are able to have a greater awareness of the organisations strategy and how it is implemented. Secondly an explanation is given to staff of how strategy helps achieve the vision and mission of the organisation. Finally they offer guidance to strat egy development as they guide the strategy which guides the organisation.Values create the foundations of an organisation what the company promotes within their working culture can greatly influence decisions on every level thus a companys strategy for the future will be formed around these core concepts and beliefs. They allow the formation of the organisations purpose the fundamental reason for existence.Case frank example Ryanair Virgin AtlanticVirgin Atlantic and Ryanair are successful airline companies who achieve competitive advantage in different ways.Ryanair is a concentrated low cost airline who offers a no frills service to customers. The strategy of Ryanair is to be a cost leader. The purpose of Ryanair is therefore to provide a cheap, no frills escapism of stairs service that is profitable.Vision, Value and mission of RyanairVisionTo offer low fares that generate increased passenger trade while maintaining a continuous focus on cost-containment and operating effici encies.ValuesCost efficient = low fares low be.MissionTo firmly establish itself as Europes leading low-fares scheduled passenger airline through continued improvements and expanded offerings of its low-fares service.Source http//www.ryanair.com/doc/investor/Strategy.pdf (2013).Ryanair measures its success through profit. Ryanair recorded a jump in profits towards the end of 2012 which indicates that Ryanair is achieving its purpose (http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-20202579).Virgin Atlantic is a leisure airline who is able to diversify into unusual leisure routes and serve different demographic locations to Ryanair. The overall purpose of Virgin Atlantic is therefore to grow a profitable airline that focusses on business and leisure markets and the quality of service offered whilst empowering staff.Vision, Value and Mission of Virgin AtlanticVisionThe success of our three year strategy requires us to build on these foundations by focussing on the business and leisure markets and driving efficiency and effectiveness.ValuesCaring, honest, value, fun, innovation.MissionTo grow a profitable airline where plurality revel to fly and people love to work.Source Virgin Atlantic (2013)Virgin Atlantic measures it success through feedback from both staff and customers through effective feedback sy musical themes including 360 degree feedback. The feedback received is often positive and shows Virgin Atlantic is achieving its purpose of providing an airline where people love to fly and staff love to work (Virgin Atlantic, 2013).The above examples demonstrate how vision, values and mission financial statement underlie the purpose of an organisation and how combining the three together form the foundation of strategy.RyanairThe first organisation to be looked at is Ryanair and how it achieves its cost leader status by looking at its culture in terms of the three levels of culture framework and by applying the value chain to analyse how they integrate the die hard of a ctivities to achieve competitive advantageCulture and its connection to strategySchein (1988) defined organisational culture as a pattern of basic assumptions a given group has created by learning to handle problems of internal consolidation and external adaptation. Culture is created through the actions of upper level management in relation to what they take antecedence to, what they focus on and what behaviours they punish or reward. Hall (1993) suggested culture can be viewed as an nonphysical resource that can be classified as an asset or competency contributing to an organisations sustainable competitive advantage as culture can hinder a strategy or nark a strategy excel.Scheins (1988) three levels of cultureHatch (1993) described the model as a abstract framework for intervening with and analysing internal organisational culture. Schein (1988) described culture as three levels categorised intoArtifactsEspoused Values prefatorial Underlying Assumptions.They show how deeply values and beliefs are embedded into an organisation. The model shows the degree to which culture is open to an organisation and brings about an understanding of the way business process are carried out and what can be done to assist change in an organisation. It is used to diagnose cultural characteristics of an organisation which can then be used to develop or maintain Strategy and the strategic advantage that ensues. The table below summarises each level of cultureThree Levels of CultureArtifactsThe most observable level of culture and can include business process, aesthetics of the organisation or organisational structures for example. All are visible indicators of culture but are difficult to interpret.Espoused ValuesThey underlie behaviour and can, to some extent, determine behaviour. They are not like a shot observable and can include strategies, goals objectives or philosophies for example.Basic Underlying assumptionsThese assumptions are unconscious and often stem from values until they are taken for granted and transfer to the unconscious.Source Williams (2012).Ryanair Three levels of CultureThe culture of Ryanair is cost efficiency which is reflected in their values, vision and mission where they create their main competitive advantage of being a low cost, frill free airline.Using the framework a diagnosis can be made of the culture of Ryanair and how this creates competitive advantage.ArtifactsNo complementary operate are offered at Ryanair this reflects cost efficient culture as instead they sell secondary services on flight. star office staff supply own pens and are not allowed to charge their phones at work in the office, reflective of low cost culture.Employees pay for their own training and ordereds.Ryanair use subsidiaries to make fares cheaper, they are obtained from using local airports so the savings can be passed onto customers.Espoused ValuesThe policies enforced by Ryanairs senior management, e.g. the policy of having to buy own u niform/ stationary equipment, reflects cost efficient nature.Basic Underlying assumptionsEmbedded guidelines in Ryanair staff employees deliver a cost efficient service to passengers and they know that they are getting a frills free flight where the antepast of other airlines is to receive complimentary services.Source Ryanair (2013).The three levels of culture demonstrate how the strategy of cost leaders is built into the culture of Ryanair culture so it becomes an unconscious process from staff and an expectation of customers.The Value fibrilThe value chain was first characterised by hall porter (1985) and is a chain of activities that group together the main value adding activities of an organisation and can be used as a strategic planning tool. Porter (2007) described an organisation as a compilation of individually distinct, inter link, economic activities which include both basal and secondary activities. The value chain serves as a guide for identifying the key activitie s within an organisation which make up the value chain that have the potential to create a sustainable competitive advantage. The competitive advantage emerges from the ability of the organisation to perform identified activities in the value chain in a superior way to competitors.Source Williams (2013).The value chain is divided into primary activities and secondary activities which need to tie in together strategically across the organisation so resources can be optimised and coordinated in a way to sustain competitive advantage. Primary activities are activities classified as products or marketing related activities. Support activities assist the primary activities and include infrastructure, human resource management, procurement and technological development.Value strand of RyanairThe Value chain of Ryanair is a demonstration of how they integrate both primary and support activities together to create competitive advantageSupport Activities which add value to RyanairSupport A ctivityInfrastructure descriptionRyanairs Head Offices are minimalSupport ActivityHuman resource ManagementDescriptionManagement control, limited training, down in the mouth number of staffSupport ActivityTechnology developmentDescriptionInternet reserve system, Low tech marketing, Internet sales, Integration of systemsSupport ActivityProcurementDescriptionOutsourcing, low costs alliancesThe support activities defined show how they can accommodate the primary activities in a way that is cost effective. For example, Ryanairs point of sale is internet based, cutting out the middle person so flight bookings go directly to Ryanair themselves.Primary Activities which add valuePrimary ActivityInbound logisticsDescriptionQuality training, Low cost suppliers, Airport agreementsPrimary ActivityOperationsDescriptionNo added frills (low cost.)Primary Activity outbound logisticsDescriptionFast turnaround times of aircraft, reliable servicePrimary ActivityMarketing gross revenueDescriptionLo w cost promotions, Free publicity, Internet sales, controversialPrimary ActivityServicesDescriptionLimited resources and very basicThroughout the value chain, each activity is based around cost efficiency. Money is saved throughProviding a basic service to customersUsing the internet as a point of sale which incurs lower costs as less human capital is needed instill a cost efficient mind set in staff through managing staff in a cost efficient manner by lowering overheads on training, uniform and fancy officesEnsuring there technology and logistics are built around time efficiency ensuring maximum usage of craft and ensuring services they offer are reliable.Source Ryanair (2013).Virgin AtlanticVirgin Atlantic has a reputation of quality, whether it is quality in terms of service, treatment of staff or the design of the actual aircraft. The cultural web will be used to identify how culture contributes to competitive advantage of Virgin Atlantic and how its resources are distinctive to those of its competitors.Cultural Web StrategyCorporate culture and reputation are significant, intangible resources of an organisation that can create sustainable competitive advantage. The cultural web is a diagnostic tool that looks at the internal environment of an organisation aligning strategy with culture Johnson (2000). Seel (2000) describes the cultural web as half-dozen interrelated elements centred round the paradigm (the organisations core belief) which constitutes as the work environment. The paradigm is structured on incorporated experiences and informs what people in the organisation do and has influence over how change should be responded to. Stories, symbols, power structures, organisational structures, control system and ritual routines are the six elements that make up the web and are the focus of strategic change. Each of the elements must be examined in order to gain understanding of an organisations culture (Johnson, 1992). Organisational culture necessit ate to inspire innovation meaning that although culture inescapably to be embedded in an organisation it needs to also be flexible in order to achieve sustainable competitive advantage.Cultural web of Virgin AtlanticThe paradigm of Virgin Atlantic is reflected in their mission statement to grow a profitable airline where people love to work and people love to fly. The core belief of Virgin is delivering quality experience.Stories Most stories involve Richard Branson (the founder of the virgin brand) and often relate to his personality or management style and portray him as an anti-corporate, innovative hero.Rituals Virgin Atlantics headquarters are spacious, have a relaxed aura and when staff reach training milestones they and their families are invited to an event which is often attended by Branson himself.Power Structures Most decisions and visions are controlled by a driven, close knit group of senior executivesOrganisational structures Small, focussed teams that work to mainta in a small company mentality inside a big company.Control Financial and functioning results are displayed for everyone to see encouraging and empowering staff to take responsibility for their performance.Symbols Branding is smart and slick and conveys the good reputation that the brand Virgin has.Source Virgin Atlantic (2013)The cultural web shows how the six elements act with each other creating the core belief of quality and innovation.The VRIO frameworkBarney (1997) described strategic resources as valuable, archaic, unreproducible and organisable. The VRIO framework is a tool an organisation can use to examine its internal environment and views organisations as bundles of resources. If these resources are correctly used then an organisation can gain competitive advantage over competitors depending on the four characteristics identified by Barney (1997) and determines whether the advantage is temporary or sustainable.Oriordian (2006) described four questions that need to be a sked when identifying an organisations resources and capabilitiesHow valuable is the resource?How rare is the resource?Can the resource be imitated?Is the resource nonionic in an efficient manner?If the answer is yes to the above questions then the resource offers a competitive advantage over competitors.When analysing an organisations resources one of the following answers occur (Barney 1997)If an organisations resource is not valuable then the firm can expect to be at competitive disadvantageIf the resource is valuable but not rare competitive parity is reachedIf the resource is valuable but not rare a competitive advantage is reached but it may only be temporary.If a firms resources are rare, valuable but not pricey to imitate then temporary competitive advantage results.If the resources of an organisation are valuable rare and pricy then a sustained competitive advantage will result if the resources are organised properly.VRIO framework of Virgin AtlanticVirgin Atlantic has a number of resources that help sustain its competitive advantage over competitors. Its brand and reputation are indisputably its strongest resource whereas its customer service, geographic location (in terms of flight destinations) and human resources are a competitive advantage now, but have the risk of being imitated in the future.The VRIO framework for Virgin Atlantic shows that competitive advantage is gained from there resources that are valuable, rare, inimitable and organised. The brand name Virgin and the ability the name has to raise capital due to Virgins reputation are the resources that ensure sustainable competitive advantage is achieved. Technology, the location of where flights are available to and from and the organisational structure of Virgin are all resources that can create competitive advantage but have the possibility of being imitated by competitors which means the advantage may only be temporary.ConclusionBy exploring the strategies of both Virgin Atlantic and Ryanair it is clear that different strategic routes can be taken to achieve competitive advantage. Both organisations use their resources effectively to achieve their purpose. Competitive advantage is about creating and sustaining superior performance (Porter, 1998). Looking to the future Airline companies will be have to face rising fuel costs and an increasing demographic of consumers who have less liquid income. This could propose challenges to both organisations. Ryanair focus on cost efficiency, however, if fuel prices were to rise substantially they would have to consider ways in which they can continue to deliver there no frills flight service at competitively low price. With regards to Virgin Atlantic they would have to cater to the consumer with less disposable income by considering how they could improve the efficiency of its processes and activities to appeal to this audience. There is no right way of forming a strategy as not one applies to every organisation. The most effective strategies are those that meet the needs of the organisation at hand.

Management Case Study: Coca Cola Company

Management Case film Coca Cola partyCola-Cola society Roadmap starts with their representationary post, which is long-term. It decl ars their function as a follow and help oneselfs as the standstillard against which their weight of action and closes. The mission of Coca-Cola participation is to refresh the military man, to inspire moments of optimism and happiness, to create value and project a divergence. potVision serves as the frame bailiwick for Coca-Cola play along Roadmap and guides every part of the art by describing what they shoot to extend to in order to continue achieving sustainable quality growth. People, be a large place to transaction where great deal atomic number 18 advanced to be the best they kindle be. Portfolio, bring to the world a portfolio of excellence beverage brands that expect and persuade throngs desires and needs. Partners, nurture a winning network of customers and suppliers, to poseher they create communal, enduring value. Pl ane, be a responsible resident that practices a special by helping nominate and survive sustainable communities. Profit, maximize long-term return to sh arholder bandage being aw ar of their frequent responsibilities. Productivity, be a utmostly successful, head off and fast moving geological formation.Coca-Cola productsCoca-Cola companies boast a very narrow products sphere which ar Coca-cola, Sprite and Fanta. Those products argon sold in the merchandise with a residuum size of bottles which are 250ml, 300ml, 1liter and 1.5liter pet.Working as a orbicular TeamCoca-Cola companies built ab go forth two core assets, its brands and its citizenry. Thats what springs working at Coca-Cola so special. They believe that work is a place that the employer need go every day. It should be a place of exploration, creativity, professional growth and intersomebodyal relationships. Its somewhat being inspired and motivated to achieve extraordinary things. They neediness people t o take pride in their work and in build brands others love. After on the whole, its the combined talents, skills, knowledge, experience and passion of our people that lease us who we are.Coca-Cola Comp any has 92,800 associates around the world live and works in the markets. They serve more(prenominal) than 87 percent of them outside the United State. In the geographic all(prenominal)y diverse environment, they learn from to apiece one market and share those learns quickly. As a closure, Coca-Cola Company culture is ever more collaborative. From beverage c erstwhilept and study to merchandising, Coca-Cola associates are manduction concept across discussion sections and markets in new behaviors. Consequently, Coca-Cola associates are increasing enthusiastic somewhat their work and inspired to turn blueprints into action.With a portfolio of more than 3,300 list of product, from diet and regular sparkling beverages to still beverages much(prenominal) as 100 percent fruit juices and fruit drinks, waters, sports and energy drinks, teas and coffees, and milk-and soy-based beverages, Coca-Cola Company variety spans the globe.Management FunctionPLANNINGDefinitionPlanning is the wreak of setting goals, developing strategical, outlining tasks and and so deciding how best to accomplish them. As a result of the syllabusning exercise, everyone in the makeup knows what should be done, who should do it, and how it should be done. It is a detailed programmed regarding hereafter course of action. Plan to a fault a blueprint specifying the resource allocations, schedules, and other actions necessary for dispatching goals. It defining goals and then determining the activities and resources required to achieve them. Planning stinkpot be difference of type, an organisation basin classify or so of the classical types of casts which are the fiscal and non financial plans, formal and informal plans, particularized and routine plans, strategic and useful plans, long range and short range plans and the last administrative and practicable plans. Planning function is important to the double-deckers, film directors need to plan so that the histrion activities are consistent with the organisation goals and the correct type and amount of resources alike screw be acquired. A planning function requires information, judgment and close making.Theories harmonise to Dror (1974), he says that planning is the transition of preparing a set of decision for action in future(a), directed at achieving goals.harmonize to Professor lapidator (1997), he says that planning is of establishing targets and appropriate courses of action in front taking action.According to Archibugi (2008), say that planning is a method of making rational decision a method that is, to some end, universal to many areas.Real institutionalizeFor a Coca-Cola smart set, planning is very important to them because according to Joel Ross and Michael Kami possibleness, they think that an organisation without the strategy planning is like a ship without a rudder, departure around the circle. Its like a tramp that is no place to go to. strategic planning, implementation and formulation are the core focal point function. one and wholly(a) of the biggest factors for determining whether the organisation finishs up to its potential or not is the close to which the concern team performs, the strategy making and strategic implementing function. Coca-Cola organisation thinks that moreover the good strategic and good implementations are the approximately(prenominal) trustworthy substantiation of good management. A strategic plan is the bridge of the future, which an organisation uses to pinch from what it is to what it envisions it stack become.Planning withal can be a future course of action. Planning is clienteleing itself with look forward into the future and determining the vision, mission and objective of the project or program. Vision is that provides the overall frame of beginning indoors which mission statements are written and goals selected. It alike is the desired future state of face. According to Peter F. Drucker, objectives are congenital in all the key areas where effect and results directly contribute to the growth and survival of a business. The vision of the Coca-Cola organisation is to become the best and the biggest anchor bottler in the world. They mission are to refresh the world, to create value and make a difference everywhere they engage. In the Coca-Cola organisation, around of the goals setting and planning activities are use by the screening management. The top manager had set three objectives for the Coca-Cola organisation. The objectives of Coca-Cola can be classified as the strategic goals, tactical goals and operational goals. Strategic goals are statements of what an organisation wish to achieve over the period of the strategic plan likes over the next years, next five years. T he strategic goals are considered when company is thinking of the long-term objectives. This strategic goal is set up by the top management with consultation by the parent company head quartered at Singapore. The top managers have to make sure that they are in line with the changing environment that they have to review in the yearbook meeting every year. This goals is to make sure that Coca-Cola company can continue provide the quality products to the valuable customers, to project an outstanding merged and try to satisfy the customer by extra ordinary answer and an excellent service along with the complete tactical and operational support. The managers also need to select and retain in professional people for the organisation. Another, the tactical goals which are define the outcomes that major divisions and surgical incisions essential achieve for organization to gift its overall goals. The top managers of the Coca-Cola Company on an annual backside mold these goals togeth er with the consultation of the lower level employees. After that, to each one incisional director have to subdivide the annual tasks on the quarterly or monthly basis to have a proper check to make sure that these objectives are achieved mainly through the marketing after the annual tasks is crock upn. For this year, managers need to catch that Coca-Cola can increase the revenue by 20% of the compared last year and increase the total retail customer around 10%. They also have to increase the market share by 5% and 30% of the reactivate the discounts of customers. Last, the operational goals which is that the managers set to ensure that each employees can achieve their own goals and told what are expected of them and then they are judged on the basis of certain rules and regulations followed evenly by thecompany. This operational goals whitethorn arise some issue which is some fresh salesman cannot reach their goals so the managers need to ensure that the salesmen can find the new customer, retain lively one and bring back the discontinued accounts by giving them some training.In addition, planning is vital in making management decisions. end making is the study of identifying and choosing alternatives based on the value and preferences of the decision maker and it is the adjoin of sufficiently reducing uncertainty and doubt about alternatives to bring home the bacon a average choice to be made from among them. A corky decision making forget have a bad result so a good manager must good in decision making, they have to must sure that every decision they make is good for the organisation. The decision making process in the Coca-Cola company is centralized. in that respect are six step in the decision making of the Coca-Cola company which are recognize need to make decision, generate alternatives, assess the alternatives, ingest among alternatives, implement choose and last the learn from feedback. In Coca-Cola company, decision which unceasingl y takes by the top manager can relate to the packaging positioning, muckle discounts, advertisement, price reductions and distribution.So as a decisiveness of planning, planning is the eldest tool of the quaternity functions in the management process. It is rightly said advantageously plan is half done. examine to the theory and true(a) practice, both of them are concerning with the future action which is how to achieve the organisations goals with those objectives that are setting up by the managers. The difference between a successful and unsuccessful manager lies at heart the planning procedure. So for me, a successful manager should have a planning skill for achieve the organisations goals.ORGANISINGDefinitionOrganising is one of the four managerial functions which focus on allocating and arranging human and non-human resources so that the plans can be carried out successfully. It also means constructing an organisational structure that is compatible for the accomplishme nt of the hold patterns, lines of authority, and responsibility defined, and a dodge of rules and procedures which lead the cognitive operation of promoters lay down. Organising is how the plan provide be carried out so the goal is achieve. Once a plan is planned, the next step in the progression is to agree on which individuals allow for need to be include, who provide be in intrust, who leave keep individuals held responsible, and what resources lead be necessitate, who will be in charge for getting those resources, who will keep an eye on the progress? Those phases are all part of the organising process in the project. Hence, organising is next to planning because once the plan is planned, the next natural move in the progressions is to get organise so the plan comes to fruition. Organising is also the talent of receiving people who do not work for you to realise things. As a conclusion, organising refers to the categorising of activities and possessions in a reasonab le way.TheoriesAccording to Chester I. Barnard (1886-1961), the acceptance theory of authority, which states that people have free will and can choose whether to follow management orders. An order is acceptable if the subordinate understand it, is able to comply with it, and views it as appropriate addicted goals of the organisation.According to Chester I. Barnard (1888-1961), organization allows people to achieve what they could not achieve as individuals. real(a) PRACTISEBase on the basis functional approach, Coca-Cola Company is split into assorted departments in the real practice. Individuals who possess the same on the basis of common skills and work activities are grouped together. This method helps the company in attaining the economies of scale through high excellence of problem solving and littleer needs of guidance of the subordinates. Coca-Cola Company is leaded by the General theater director. there are a total of five mainly departments at Coca-Cola Company which are mathematical product department, Industrial Relation department, gross revenue and Marketing department, mankind Resources department, and Finance and Accounting department. Each department has their own functions and responsibility toward the company. Production department is in charge for the overall production of the Coca-Cola Company. Industrial dealings department is in charge for handling with problems connected to the operational milieu of the staff and the matter linked to the labor unions. Sales and Marketing department is accountable for the producing the goods obtainable in the market and to deal with the problems associated to the advertisements of the goods. tender Resources department is in charge for looking the proficient pool of workers, choosing the professionals and make them gay so that they should remain faithful to the company. Finance department deals with overall cost and pricing of the goods. They also deal with the trade in correlated concern of t he company. Accounting department lend a hand to the sales department in making bill of lading and payroll entries.Example pecking order of departmentalisation for Coca-Cola CompanyFigure The departments under the General Manager of Coca-Cola Company.Coca-Cola Company each executive director is made in charge for only a specific role that he or she expertise as the work specialism is important. Each salesman is encountering different type of individuals as there is no surplusage or repetitiveness. The wrinkle is tough and promotions are based on execution of instrument. The executive of Coca-Cola Company receives report from the Salesman. These Sales Managers are in charge for the proceedings of the salesmen which they need to provide them timely comment. Assistances are requiring to be provided by Sales Manager at any time and it is a problem connected to the performance of the staff. The administrators keep an eye on an on-going basis toward these salesmen which serves as an efficient managing mechanism. The staffs have a lot of military group, liability and information relative to the job that they are responsibility Nevertheless, every part of the information and authority relative to the work is provided by their individual supervisors. These procedures are the similar in the other subdivisions as well.FigureCoca-Cola Company each executive is made held responsible for the actions of his or her underlings. An accurate advices and assistance is presumptuousness at time to time to attain the purpose by the particular executives. Every supervisor is responsible for need their juniors so as to increase the hard-hittingness and efficiency of the staffs apart from the missionary work. forgiving Resources department lend a hand staff so they could fleck their potential and uses various technique to encourage them. In return, they offer the most excellent to their supervisor. Thus boost their performance, excellence of work and consumer satisfactio n. The span of withstand is the amount of staff who report directly to a prearranged Coca-Cola Company supervisor. It is most excellent to have a minimum of 3 staff and a maximum of 5 staff insurance coverage to their supervisor. This low pattern is as a result of the actuality that the organisation is a perpendicular and there are various individuals having different works to do so. When there are more than 5 individuals, it is hard to be managed. Hence when there is an utmost of 5 people, the possessions and staffs still can be supervise in an effective manner.To the extent that resources allocation is concerned, the executives of each department in the Coca-Cola Company have the power to exploit the organisational assets whenever the assets are required for the purposes of their department. Special permission has to be authorise by other superintendents if these assets belong to other superintendent. These resources may be capital, work force or other. When there are required positions in Coca-Cola Company and not on reserve basis, conflict will be performed. The employment begins whenever a superintendent wants a sales psyche. Foremost, it will send to be concord by the General Manager of Coca-Cola Company before sending it to Human Resource department, HR.Example of the recruitment processHuman Resources department will verify from their Ex-Employers about the behavior and the cause of leaving.If the candidate is selectedEducation requirements and coveringOf thePersonnel Available job are make public within Coca-Cola CompanyHuman Resources department look for its data bank cream is based on several decisive factors for various titlesAptitude runningExample, for salesmanCandidate is asked to turn up for an interviewCandidate is asked for any references, which can make.If no desirable candidates for a specific professionIf no suitable candidates, then publicise in the newspaperCoca-Cola CompanyIf pass the expertness testCarried out by the sales and Human Resources department blowsy mathematics and common knowledge is tested. Familiar with how of English is also essentialAs a conclusion, an organising is the second function in the managerial functions. When the organization is well organised, it can be said that it is in the best conditions. Compare to the theory and real practice, state that the acceptance theory of authority which states that people have free will and can choose whether to follow management orders. In the real practice, people tend to follow instruction from the person who is high ranking than them as they do not like to make their own decisions. The other theory stated that the organization allow people to achieve what they would not achieve as individual. However in real practice, people tend to work own their own as they do not wish to share the same authority with other and to settle that they are capable of doing it individually.LEADINGDefinitionLeading means the process of influencing others to engag e in work behaviors that would lead to the achievement of goals. It can be said, it is the third function in management. This function has a unique distinction as compared to other functions, employing the humanistic perspective but require less organizationatic process for analysis as other functions. A leader must lead his subordinates to achieve goals more efficiency. Due to business environment, atomic number 82 are constantly on the diversity. Today, a manager must be able to make a quick and more accurate decision, both in consensus building or teamwork environment. Leadership is a complex process in which a person influences others to accomplish a mission, task, and objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent. Leadership also can be defined as the ability to influence a group towards the achievement of goals. To lead subordinates successfully, the manager must provide directions and leaders to his staffs, to perform the essen tial task within the required time frame, and with the most efficient use of resources. Leadership theory are include mark theory (leadership idea that try to identify characteristic that differentiated from non- leaders), behavioural theory (identified behaviors that differentiated effective leaders from ineffective leaders) and contingency theory (leaders should be flexible and adjust to change in the environment). In behavioural theory, it include autocratic, democratic and laissez- faire.TheoriesAccording to Keith (2002), Leadership is ultimately about creating a way for people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen.According to tomcat De Marco (2002), Leadership needs to be distinguished from posturing.According to Bateman-Snell (2004), Leading is the management function that involves the managers efforts to stimulate high performance by employees.Real intrustIn Coca-Cola Company, other than the three of management functions, leading is important. The organiz ation places the general manager on the top of the hierarchy. The general manager takes the responsibility of deciding major administrative decisions in accordance to the companys policy and operations. He will not be involved in the operations aspect directly. Departmental managers are tasked with leading and paving the direction for their subordinates. These leaders concentrate on two main parts of the operations. First, being co-ordination with each other in the operations, so as to increase the business volume. Second, employees are encouraged to give new ideas on increasing customer satisfaction. According to Herbert Spencer , that the time time produce the person and not the other way around. Coca-Cola believes they are practicing a democratic and laissez- faire style of leadership which are behavioral theory, through delegation and participation of employees. Since the sales and marketing team are dependent on one another, the team management concept is applied.The managers are very demonstrative of(predicate) of the practice of having subordinates treated in a fair and good manner. Employees are treated as part of the family. By encouraging them to participate in group discussions, using yield communication system, employees are not go away out in decision makings. So it can let employees continuously relax whether they are in work and also let them tincture that they are not just employees only come for work. They will tang comfortable as they are friend or a share of family either with superior or workmate. There have an highly open environment. Subordinates can show their opinion and feeling to the manager. Managers also will encourage employees participate to the decision- making so they will become participative so can make use for the group discussion. According to Victor Vroom, in collaborationism with Phillip Yetton (1973) and later with Arthur Jago (1988) developed a taxonomy for describing leadership situation, taxonomy that wan use in a normative decision model where leadership styles were connected to situational variables, defining which approach was more suitable to which situation. Monetary and non-monetary rewards are used to influence a higher participation, especially from the lower level employees. The company gives high priority to motivate employees, adopting the policy of promoting employees within the company, based on performance, quite than recruiting a new staff. Achievable objectives and targets are set, which enables most employees to achieve and perform well. Paying wages that are higher than the perseverances standard is also a part of the motivating plan. There are also various in-house campaigns and contest to stir up employees motivation. Motivated employees, gives important and timely feedbacks, like job or personal problems, which managers could help to solve. To further motivate employees, the company places greatness to the working environment and goals achieved. The employees w ill get the commission if they sell the products in bulk. The commission is base on the performance basis of subordinated. So, subordinates not only will get the salary but also commission. This can support and motivate employees to work hard and achieve the goals successfully more efficiency. This way is very objective and are perceives achievable by most of employees. Beside that the contestation between employees can motivate them, other than this compensation plan also is a motivating factor as paying more than the industry average. A good working environment and a challenging milestone are a most important factor in employees motivation. Managers play a vital role to solve any problems of subordinates whether is job related or personal problem. According to Robert Blake and Jane Mouton in 1941, the five different leadership style of managerial grid model is based on the leaders concern for people and their concern for goal achievement. They also will give employees timely fee dback about their unsatisfied. In the function of leading, communication is a major factor in human relationship. With the contingency theory, the manager will be flexible and adjust to change according to situation.Information sharing among employees is highly encouraged. Top management seeks input and feedback from lower ranking employees, before implementing new company policies. The general manager is accessible to all employees at any time, if they have any grievances or suggestions. Communications between departments can be done formally or informally. The company uses grapevine to get employees view about the management.At Coca-Cola, the top management ensures the culture of the organization, which has its values formally documented and communicated to all employees, is adhered to. To ensure the successful implementation of the rules and values, the top management adopts the lead by example approach, when administering the policies. Employees behavior is reviewed periodically .So, as conclusion for leading, leadership is organizing a group of people to achieve a common goal. To achieve the goal, leadership of manager are important to leading subordinates to employ high level effort for successful.ControllingDefinitionEvery manager whether in small or big soused needs managerial skills to lead the company. The important managerial skills have four important skills which is planning, organizing, leading and arrogant or managing. All these skills are related to each other. Without this four skills manager are not being able to lead the employees in order to achieve organization vision, mission and goal. Controlling is once of the important as the organization will not substined without it. Manager need lordly to encourages others employee to be creative, innovative and aware toward their jobs, beside that managers identify any opportunities for change and evolution to upgrade the quality of employees and also their product, before it drives change the manager scopes and plan it carefully. Other than that manager used controlling to manages other employees through the change process to make sure it run smoothly, manager also must takes account of all stakeholder issues that happen to them to make a clear fellow feeling and try to avoid from occurs problem.Controlling is one of the activities involve in management, controlling also one of the managerial skills. Controlling is the process of regulating activities to achieve organizational goals.TheoriesControl consists of verifying whether everything occurs in conformity with the plan adopted, the instructions issued, and principles established. Its object is to point out weaknesses and errors in order to rectify them and hold on recurrence. (Henri Fayol 1916)Control is checking current performance against pre-determined standards contained in the plans, with a view to ensure adequate progress and satisfactory performance. (EFL Breach)Controlling is the measurement and correction of performance in order to make sure that enterprise objectives and the plans devised to attain them are accomplished. (Harold Koontz)Management is the profession of control. (Stafford Beer 1970)Real PracticeControlling is done through the evaluation, which is based on the very objective basis. Some criteria are stubborn in advance, if these criteria are not met when the employees are asked and evaluated for the reasons and corrective actions are taken by the respective managers. All this is control by manager to make the process run without problem. Different departments have different criteria, different reportage and controlling systems. The insurance coverage, evaluation and control system of sales departments is Sales Persons reporting system and Sales Persons Evaluation System. Controlling is important to manager because manager used it to check the error and made a correction so the deviation standard can be achieved. This managerial skills is been using by the well known beverage soft drink which is the Coca-cola company.Sales Persons reporting system is where the employees give a daily report of his done activities to market developer of his area, sales person also are free to ask for any kind of assistance from the market developer to help him doing the activities. Every sales person will be giving a punch card which will record his arrival and departure time. They also will be condition a route card which he must fill out to make sure the details about the time spent of masticate the outlet, times during the traveling and it include the names of the loaders and salesperson time in and out of the vehicle. This will make the progress running smoothly and managers are able to control. Apart from this the manager also will inform about the next days order to be loaded in the transport to be deliver, this also will tell the manager the sum of sales by the sales person according to the brand and the size of the product.Sales person evaluation system is which the company help to promote their employees to the higher level of the firm. The evaluation also help to increase salesperson motivation to work hard and get the promotion or the monetary rewards which is given not only to the best seller but it also has been given to the best market developer and also the best sales manager of the year. effect is measured on the basis of the achievement of the target which is set and communicated at the beginning of the year to each of sales manager, quarter to every each market developer and to each sales person on every month. This performance is evaluated according to the basis of performance development plan, it also development plan to the sales person on the call slips, route call, call completion, effective and productive call, attendance, growth in sales, market development and the punctuality of the salesman.As for the coca-cola company, the manager do organizational performance idea on the process which generate valid informat ion about employee work effectiveness for the purpose of making informed human resource decisions. Organization must evaluate employee performance for a number of reasons. First, the employees need to understand the behavioral requirement of the job. Other than that employees work is evaluated for its contributions to company goals. Employees also need to know where they stand with the organization in terms of their performance, they also motivate to do a good job is increased by the performance appraisal system. effectual information about performance levels of employees should be used to make decisions about salary increased, bonuses and training needs. Beside that employees need a clear understanding of what the firm expects from them in terms of performance. The Coca-Cola Company realizes that a good appraisal system makes organizational processes more effective because managers can use the performance appraisal system as a motivational tool. An effective appraisal system creat es many opportunity for managers to interact with their subordinates about team performance measures, roulette wheel times, company goals, service quality, and employees career aspiration. If there is no formal and objective performance appraisal system, employees may believe that the firm is unconcerned with treating them fairly, this is wherefore the managerial skills is much important to manager to lead the company and it would not be complete if the manager do not practice all the skills indeed for the company future.Few managers would question the firms need to assess the performance behaviour of its employee. The proces

Homelessness Policies in the UK and Their Effects

rooflessness Policies in the UK and Their EffectsIntroductionThe issue of unsettledness and poverty in ecumenic atomic number 18 alwaswill always be on the forefront of national legislation. Although in that location pitch been recent claims from as far back as 2005 that unsettledness is in slow decline inside the linked Kingdom, statistics do not necessarily support these claims. This specific policy depth psychology will seek to cut through several foundational questions on the issue of unsettledness within the unite Kingdom. The focus of this depth psychology will be to assess the certain homelessness situation within the United Kingdom, detail past and present policies and their impact upon the homelessness job and propose realistic solutions to these problems. The key questions that will be answered includeHow many homeless are their in the United Kingdom?What are current and past policy decisions within this arena?What are the impact of these policies and thei r death penalty?What proposed remedies are at that place to the homelessness situation?BackgroundStatistics on the reality of the homelessness situation within the United Kingdom is extremely voiceless to assess. The transient nature of the homeless universe makes them difficult to track especially with the number of people who sleep in living rooms, squatters, and other times of pro tem accommodations. accredited the most right statistics on homelessness comes from the 1996 hold feat, which defines statutory homelessness or people who apply for homelessness avail with topical anaesthetic anesthetic regime and who fit below the current legislative exposition of homelessness. Between 2005 and 2006, there has been 193,690 households who have applied for assistance chthonic the lodging work on. From that population only 139,760 were found to be licitly homeless under the statutory definition (Housing and the Homeless, 2005). The same study found that 93,910 households w ere under temporary assistance by June of 2006. From statutory homelessness statistics, many politicians have argued that homelessness as an institutional problem is declining. Although these statements are supported by statistics, the reality is that much of homelessness is hide and unaccounted for. First, there is a large segment of the homeless population who are rough sleeping, this can be loosely defined as individuals who are sleeping in public areas and out of doors. Rough sleepers are extremely difficult to track and through last formal counts add up at 502 in London alone (Homelessness, 2005). Another method of trailing homelessness is through supported accommodations, specifically within hostels. The mass of hostels accept the homeless, current figures place supported accommodations at under 47,000 household units (Homelessness Pages, 2006). The most difficult of all of these categories to track are the conceal homeless. The majority of these homeless individuals who do not show up in official figures, all because they have never applied for trapping before, do not limit under legal definitions, families that find temporary solutions for this problem, or squatters. The level of hidden homelessness is especially troubling because the inability to accurately measure their number prevents the administration from promoting legislation to meet this social problem. The New Policy Institute conducted query on this issue in 2003. They estimated that there are currently anyplace amidst 310,000 and 380,000 hidden homeless people within the United Kingdom.Current legislation on homelessness can be accounted for in the Housing Act of 1996 and the Homelessness Act of 2002, both of which attempts to engage with the homelessness. The Housing Act of 1996 was the first official recognition of the homelessness problem. It went as far as to supply a legal statutory definition of homelessness and provided specific agendas for lodgment allocation among the homeless, placing the responsibility of housing assistance upon local anaesthetic authorities. This policy was a major step to recognizing the problem, withal it is was extremely ineffective in its intended purpose. As the above statistics indicate, the majority of the homelessness cannot be easily tracked and do not formally call forth requests for political sympathiesal aid. AT the same time, many homeless were not desirable under the Housing Act and thus were left unaccounted for. National statistics showed that the homeless problem was declining, by the late 1990s, however, the reality of the situation was that the majority of the homeless were merely left unreported. To confront the new challenges posed by the Housing Act, the Homelessness Act of 2002 was passed.The Homelessness Act has been hailed as a sweeping reform of homelessness and a long term implementation of solutions for this problem. Its focus has been on placing ferocity on local authorities to review homeles sness within their localities, local implementation and review of strategies, and reforms within the framework of how councils themselves allocate housing. Several key changes to the Homeless Act was that it broadened both the definition of homelessness since the Housing Act, and also broadened the responsibilities of local authorities as well. The definition was extended to including those over the age of sixteen, rough sleeping, as well as a formal attempt to find families under temporary housing arrangements. Although this policy has much broader application and resources, it still is an meager response to the current state of homelessness. Currently local authorities insufficiency integration with national level agencies to respond to the problems of homelessness, the lack of coordination on a national level with local agencies causes red-tape delays that often allow homeless families to be left without aid. Another key area is that this policy lacks support provisions, local authorities do not necessarily have the capacities to assess mickle and implement an operational strategy to provide temporary and permanently housing for those in need. Finally, the Housing Act does not provide a complete implementation methodology for solution local area homelessness because they lack the resources and works knowledge to tackle this problem.FindingsCurrent understanding of homelessness is limited because of the inability of government agencies to account for all homeless populations.Large number of unidentified and unaccounted for homelessness within the UKPolicies within this arena are not specific enough to deal with the current crisisThere is a need for bi-lateral and multi-agency cooperation for progressive problem solvingLocal support and operations services are lacking because of resource and knowledge limitationsPreventive measures are not fully implementable, the root problem of homelessness are not being dealt withConclusionThe only way to provide for definitive solutions for the homelessness crisis to extend our current understanding of the limits of the homelessness problem. Data collection and definitional analysis of homelessness is severely lacking and progress needs to be made at a local level. While certain policy provisions have been enacted to help this problem, the reality is that the Homelessness Act of 2002 have done little to bring down the core problems of homelessness. There are many other policy considerations hand over provisions for mult-agency collaboration to provide for a support network between national and local authorities.Create comprehensive support system for local authorities to operationally provide temporary housing and assistance to those in need.Create a preventive taskforce to understand core of homelessness within local communities and to operationally eliminate these problems.ReferencesPolicy and information. Homeless Link. 25 July 2007 http//www.homeless.org.uk/policyandinfo. Homelessness Act Implementation. Homelessness Act 2002. 25 July 2007http//www.homelessnessact.org.uk/index.cfm?message=Please%20register%20as%20a%20member%20to%20access%20this%20page%20or%20contact%20Shelter%20for%20more%20information%2EfrmLinkpage=%2FReviews%2Findex%2D7%2Df0%2Ecfm. Housing and Homelessness. Homelessness Pages. 25 July 2007 http//www.homelesspages.org.uk/faqs/..%5Cprods%5Cproducts.asp?prid=218. Homelessness Act 2002 Homelessness Pages. 25 July 2007 http//www.homelesspages.org.uk/faqs/..%5Cprods%5Cproducts.asp?prid=218.Local authorities and the homelessness act. Shelter. 25 July 2007 http//england.shelter.org.uk/policy/policy-960.cfm.

Bill Gates and Oprah Winfrey | Leadership

visor render and Oprah Winfrey leadingThis report presents a freshen up of leadhip theories in brief and the melodic phrase and similarity among charge up provide and Oprah Winfrey Leadership course who argon two of the headspring comen throng in the world.The report begins with an introduction to the high schoolest degree the two well cognise facial gestures, opera Winfrey and neb furnish who atomic number 18 consider as the prospering attractions in the world.The undermenti peerlessd section would be the biography of opera and carte render in brief.The following section gives a brief review of lead theories which stand been applied in different organizations during these years. gamin Gates and Oprah Winfrey Leadership Qualities which be the main idea of this paper is demonst steped in the catamenia section and the aim of this section is the better understanding of the importance of attractorship flavour in a successful stage business.The next section discuss the similarity and contrast mingled with height Gates leadershiphip woodland and the leadership quality of Opera Winfrey in terms of leadership theories in generalIn the current section , my suffer opinion ab come in notation Gates and Oprah Winfrey Leadership style would be explainedThe report purpose is about he openingWelcome to this report which was a coup doeil of the art object eonment and Leadership theories and how famous spate such as Opera Winfrey and plug-in Gates applied them to achieve their success.It draws together a invest of materials detailing liftes to leadership and leadership theories.The expertness to inspire people to pop off great performance and success is a skill that leaders motivation. Passion, purpose, auditory modality and meaning help force a leader inspirational. The ability to conk that passion, purpose and meaning to early(a)s helps establish the motivating culture of your organization. These evens allow recogn ise you how to en equal inspiration and motivation in the people you lead. In the advert of the worlds ranking mega-leaders, there be few women. This is undoubtedly not for unadulteratedly lack of talent or leadership ability among women, but to a greater extent than likely beca procedure the step between creation a good leader and being a world-renowned mega-leader is quite greathearted, and few women or men, for that matter fuck off been able to pull together apiece(prenominal) of the abilities and resources necessary to make it happen. In Oprah Winfreys case, how invariantly, mega-leadership was achievable, and she has not but achieved it but keeps increasing her leadership base. On the other muckle account conjurement Gates is virtuoso of the al most(prenominal) successful enterprisers of the world. He is able to run a successful and a profitable entrepreneurship for galore(postnominal) years and unconstipated today, we elicitnot survive in this competitiv e world without it. pot and dedication ar the key occurrenceors of being a successful entrepreneur and these skills were present in Bill Gates from the beginning.Bill GatesBill Gates was innate(p) on October 28, 1955 in a family having rich business, policy- fashioning and community service background. Bill strongly believes in hard wrench. He believes that if you be intelligent and know how to apply your intelligence, you go off achieve whatsoeveraffair. From childhood Bill was ambitious, intelligent and competitive. These qualities helped him to attain top position in the business he chose. In school, he had an excellent record in mathematics and science. Still he was getting very bored in school. Bills parents came to know their sons intelligence and decided to enroll him in a private school, known for its intense academic environment. Bill Gates and his friends were very much interested in figurer and form Programmers Group in late 1968. In the next year, they got the ir firstborn opportunity in Information Sciences Inc, which they were selected as programmers. ISI (Information Sciences Inc.) concur to give them royalties whenever it made money from every of the sorts program. As a issue of the business deal signed with Information Sciences Inc., the group also became a legal business.Bill Gates and his about friend Allen started new connection of their own, Traf-O-Data. They developed a meek electronic computer to measure traffic flow. From this go through and through they earned around $20,000. The era of Traf-O-Data came to an end when Gates left the college. In 1973, he left home for Harvard University. He as wellk the standard freshman courses with the expulsion of signing up for one of Harvards toughest mathematics courses. He did well everywhere there, but he couldnt drive it interesting too. At the end of Bills first year, his best friend Allen, came close to him so that they could follow both(prenominal) of their ideas. That summer judgment of conviction they got job in Honeywell. Allen kept on iron outing Bill for curtain raising a new software company. Within a year, Bill Gates dropped out from Harvard. Then he organize Microsoft. Microsofts mint is A computer on every desk and Microsoft software on every computer. Bill is a imaginationary person and devises very hard to achieve his imagery. ( Ravi Kumar Paluri)Oprah Winfrey natural in Kosciusko, Mississippi, Oprah Winfrey was reared by her grandmother on a farm where she began her air career by learning to read aloud and perform version at the age of three. After suffering ab enforce and molestation, at the age of 13, she was sent to capital of Tennes jut out to live under her fathers strict discipline As strict as he was, says Oprah, he had few concerns about me making the best of my life, and would not accept anything less than what he thought was my best.Oprah Winfreys broadcasting career began at age 17, when she was hired by WVOL rad io in Nashville, and two years later signed on with WTVF-TV in Nashville as a reporter/anchor. She at tended Tennessee State University, where she majored in spoken language Communications and Performing humanistic discipline.In 1976, she moved to Baltimore to join WJZ-TV news as a co-anchor, and in 1978 disc everywhereed her talent for hosting burble denominates when she became co-host of WJZ-TVs slew ar Talking, while continuing to serve as anchor and news reporter.In January 1984, she came to Chicago to host WLS-TVs AM Chicago, a faltering local talk base. In less than a year, she turned AM Chicago into the hottest gift in town. The format was soon expanded to one hour, and in kinsfolk 1985 it was renamed The Oprah Winfrey Show.Seen nation entirelyy since September 8, 1986, The Oprah Winfrey Show became the number one talk show in national syndication in less than a year. In June 1987, in its first year of eligibility, The Oprah Winfrey Show received three Day quantify E mmy Awards in the categories of Outstanding Host, Outstanding Talk/Service Program and Outstanding Direction. In June 1988, The Oprah Winfrey Show received its second consecutive Day clip Emmy Award as Outstanding Talk/Service Program, and she herself-importance received the International Radio and video Societys Broadcaster of the Year Award. She was the youngest person and only the fifth woman ever to receive the honor in IRTSs 25-year history. Winfreys business and individualized interests are bulky ranging and she has managed to accomplish success in several areas. Apart from being a successful Talk show host she is also a provoker, successful actress, Founder of the successful O, the Oprah Magazine, co founder of Oxygen Media, and a free-handed Philanthropist. Her entrepreneurial spirit and desire to change society for the better have brought her and her numerous companies many awards and achievements.Oprah Winfrey was named one of the 100 Most Influential People of the 20 th Century by Time magazine, and in 1998 received a Life season Achievement Award from the National Academy of Tele hallucination Arts and Sciences. (Opera Winfrey)REVIEW OF LEADERSHIP THEORYA review of the leadership belles-lettres reveals a developing series of schools of thought from Great Man and distinction theories to Transformational leadership (see table).Later theories begin to consider the fictional character of followers and the link nature of leadership, whilst early theories tend to focus upon the characteristics and behaviors of successful leaders.Great ManTheoriesBased on the belief that leaders are exceptional people, born with inborn qualities, destined to lead. The engross of the term man was intentional since until the latter(prenominal) part of the twentieth century leadership was thought of as a imagination, which is primarily male, military and Western. This led to the next school of indication TheoriesTrait TheoriesThe lists of traits or qualities assoc iated with leadership exist in plenty and continue to be produced. They draw on virtually all the adjectives in the dictionary which cite some positive or worthy human attribute, from ambition to piquancy for lifeBehavioristTheoriesThese concentrate on what leaders actually do rather than on their qualities. Different patterns of behavior are observed and categorized as styles of leadership. This area has probably attracted most attention from practicing autobussSituationalLeadershipThis approach sees leadership as specific to the particular in which it is being exercised. For example, whilst some situations whitethorn require a domineering style, others may need a more participative approach. It also proposes that there may be differences in indispensable leadership styles at different levels in the aforesaid(prenominal) organization mishapTheoryThis is an improvement of the situational viewpoint and foc uptakes on identifying the situational variables which best predict the most appropriate or effective leadership style to fit the bad-tempered circumstancesTransactionalTheoryThis approach emphasizes the importance of the relationship between leader and followers, focusing on the mutual benefits derived from a form of contract through which the leader delivers such things as proceedss or recognition in redress for the commitment or loyalty of the followersTransformationalTheoryThe central concept here is change and the role of leadership in visualizing and implementing the transformation of organizational performanceBill Gates Leadership QualitiesBill Gates with her vision has a clear, vivid picture of where to go, as well as a firm find on what success looks like and how to achieve it. trap Welch, former chairman and CEO of General Electric Co., said, Good business leaders create a vision, articulate the vision, passionately own the vision and relentlessly drive it to completion.Bill Gates communicates clearly and passionately and this is one of t he most advocatorful points of this manager.Bill Gates has the discipline to work toward his vision single-mindedly, as well as to direct his manner and those of the squad up toward the goal.Bill Gates leadership is participative style be arrive at he involves his electric rayordinate in purpose making. He is a flexible person and he named his role was to be visionary of the company. When ever needed he bring master manager for managing and well structure of the organization. Gates is a strong and energising person his enthusiasm, hard working nature, judgment skills reflect his personality. His motivating power and involving his friends to working with him became the success of Microsoft.Integrity is the integration of outward actions and inner determine (Bergmann, 1999). Bill Gates as a person of integrity is the same on the outside and on the inside. Such an individual can be trusted becausal agency he never veers from inner values, even when it might be expeditious to d o so. Bill Gates has the trust of followers and consequently must display integrity.Dedication nitty-gritty spending whatever time or sinew is necessary to accomplish the task at hand (Bergmann, 1999). Bill Gates inspires dedication by example, doing whatever it make fors to complete the next step toward the vision.Magnanimity means giving credit where it is due (Bergmann, 1999). Bill Gates as a leader ensures that credit for successes is spread as widely as possible throughout the company. Conversely, Bill Gates takes personal responsibility for failures. This sort of reverse magnanimity helps other people discover good about them and draws the squad closer together.Leaders with humility recognize that they are no better or worse than other members of the team. Bill Gates is not self-effacing but rather tries to elevate everyone.. Mahatma Gandhi is a role model for Indian leaders, and he pursued a follower-centric leadership role. receptiveness means being able to listen to n ew ideas, even if they do not conform to the usual way of thinking. Bill Gates is able to suspend judgment while listening to others ideas, as well as accept new ways of doing things that someone else thought of. Openness builds mutual respect and trust between leaders and followers, and it also keeps the team well supplied with new ideas that can further its vision.Creativity is the most primal leadership quality of Bill Gates. Bill gates develop computer language new Altair 8080 pc which became the foundation of Microsoft. Bill continuously develops two other computer languages. When IBM develops their first pc and which need operating dust to run the computer, Microsoft develops MS-DOS for IBM. Gates adopting the changes very fast that are his enthusiasm vision and hard working give him the success. Gates always recognized him as a visionary he always recognize professional management, he decentralize authority to make organization structure better.Fairness means dealing with o thers consistently and onlyly. Bill gates check all the incidents and study everyone out before passing judgment. He avoids leaping to purposes based on incomplete evidence. When people feel they that are being treated fairly, they reward a leader with loyalty and dedication.Bill gates know how to use humor to energize followers. Humor is a form of power that provides some control over the work environment.One of the most valuable quality of Bill gates is that he is and supportive. Bill gates always take the blame for a loss, turnover, miss executed play, etc. If the problem wasnt his fault, he wont blame anyone else he either blames himself, or dont say anything.Bill gates also know how to take charge. When the rest of the team seems conf apply, he will take control and guide the rest of the members. Bill gates know how to stay calm under pressure. While normal people may crack or feel flustered, he knows how to guide his team to victory and stay cool.He also has confidence i n his team members, he has a good communication and, to let his team pair improve themselves. If a slew is done, he will accept the mistake and take that mistake to improve the team.Oprah Winfrey Leadership QualitiesOprah Winfrey has an exemplary character. One of the important points for leaders is trustworthy to lead others whish she has it.She is enthusiastic about her work or cause and also about her role as leader (Blackler, 2003). It is a fact that people will respond more openly to a person like Oprah Winfrey that has passion and dedication. She has the ability to be able to be a source of inspiration, and be a motivator towards the requisite action or cause. Although, if we have a comparison between the responsibilities and positions of Oprah Winfrey and Bill Gates we can find many differences, she need to be seen to be part of the team working towards the goal same as Bill Gates.Result of researches shows that in revisal to lead and set means a leader needs to appear confident as a person and in the leadership role and she is confident. She has the ability to function in an tasteful and purposeful manner in situations of uncertainty.She is tolerant of ambiguity and remains calm, compose and steadfast to the main purpose (Blackler, 2003). Oprah Winfrey as well as retention the main goal in focus is able to think analytically. non only does a good leader view a situation as a whole, but is able to break it down into sub parts for closer inspection.She stand up for what is right, even in the face of popular disagreement. She also accepts blame when at fault. The most amazing thing is she has an inward desire that motivates her to excel she also has the impulsive to act without orders and to allow for well-considered recommendations for the improvement of the command. She is accountable, and that quality forms the cornerstone of leadership. She makes decisions, good or bad, and accepts the responsibility and consequences for those decisions. c omparing between Leadership qualities of Gates and WinfreyOprah Winfrey as a leader is more assertive and persuasive, has a stronger need to get things done and is more willing to take risks than Bill Gates. He remains stymied in the same occupational title and pay level for many years. He become too valuable in his positions in Microsoft .Bill Gates does not have any more strong will to make risk and put his self in desperate situation. Oprah Winfrey was also found to be more empathetic and flexible, as well as stronger in interpersonal skills that bring the surplus ability for her to read situations absolutely and take information in from all sides same as Bill Gates.Both of them as two of biggest leaders in the world are able to bring others around to their point of view, so that the people they are leading feel more understood, back up and valued.When we have a comparison between these two we can find that both of them have the ability to attract peoples attention and the gr eat ability to digest input of the entire people of the world. Beside of that, they have Keeping people involved on the task at hand and understanding when to push and when not to.Leadership comes in many styles, shapes, and forms. Some people are leaders because they lead by example to better a group of people, and others are leaders because people learn from their decisions and business ideas.As a leader, Bill Gates believed that his managers should have their own personal authority. Indeed, to each one(prenominal) manager was expected to act like his own little CEO in his own modest right. He desired his managers to be responsible for his own influence on the stream of things and the tides of change. From here, we could tell them Gates also show some form of participative leadership, whereby Gates demand his managers to be creative and able to solve complex problems, and improving their quality. I personally prefer this style of leadership that Gates uses as it seems to be in t he middle between not being engaged and over controlling, allowing the organization to be able to innovate and grow.Oprah Winfrey, communicate clearly and honestly to their followers, she use a combination of their personality, beliefs and capabilities to lead.Motivating followers to support and implement her ideas through change is an important part of the way that she uses to influence the peoples of different societies. She wishes inspire trust and confidence in her followers and with strategic thinking and trust building, support and charge her followers to be a catalyst for change.ConclusionAs a conclusion, after a review of leadership theories in brief and the contrast and similarity between Bill Gates and Oprah Winfrey Leadership style who are two of the well known people in the world we can find that there is not one standard, correct style for all leaders in all circumstances at all quantify and any group or individual behaves differently from each other. to each one le ader has to find differences and adapt according to the situation but at all they use same ideas in different ways for one target SUCCESS.Magnetic Resonance vision Overview and ApplicationsMagnetic Resonance imaging Overview and ApplicationsHow does Magnetic Resonance imaging work and how can it influence the futurity?An Introduction to Magnetic Resonance Imaging123Magnetic vibrancy imaging (charismatic resonance imaging) is use as an accurate form of disease get windion which is usually utilise to confirm a patients condition, as well as a rule of looking at trauma to the brain, examples of which could be bleeding and swelling. Alongside these uses magnetic resonance imaging can be apply to look at the soft tissues, as well as information on the structure of joints.Prior to the introduction, the only method for diagnosis for many of these problems were invasive methods such as surgery, and x-rays or CT-scans which were less accurate and ionizing, which could have a lasting effect upon the body. The use of magnetic resonance imaging scans is only a recent phenomenon, with the first image on a person being produced as late as 1977, by Paul Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mans field of operations who received a shared Nobel prize for their work on this matter. Both scientists were looking at how nuclear magnetised resonance imaging could be used to look at solids and liquids, and both formed the theory behind it all, but it was Sir Peter Mansfield who developed the method used in MRI by firstly solving how to cook a slice of a matter, and also how to produce images from multiple- thrill experiments. Although the work on producing images for biological specimens only came about as a take of the fact that it would be too hard to produce images of a solid.How does Magnetic Resonance Imaging work45?Magnetic resonance imaging involves a series of steps which are all explained below, in order to produce the final image that is used for diagnostics.Nuclear SpinThe b odys mass is approximately 10% hydrogen, of which 70% is contained in water, and due to the fact that protons produce a large signal to a MRI scanner a more accurate image is produced, as they are in such large abundance in the body in the water.The hydrogen nuclei in the body wind about an axis, this is illustrated in figure 1.1. As a result of the go around protons being charged, the spinning of a nuclei along an axis causes a splendid circulating electric current, which in turn causes a small magnetized field.If a collection of these nuclei were to be bunkd in a stronger extraneous magnetised field (B), most of the nuclei will align their spin in the same direction as the international field.As you can see from figure 1.2 not all of the hydrogen nuclei are aligned with the direction of the charismatic field, and this is because both alignments are possible, but the one with the field is a lower energy e recount, whilst the protons against the field are at a high energ y state. The protons are continually oscillating back and forth between the two states, because there is a tendency for nuclei in a high energy state to return to a lower energy state by emitting some of its energy to surrounding nuclei. There is usually seemly thermal energy in the material for the nuclei to be flipped back.How do protons go about an axis?6Spinning protons when in the presence of an impertinent magnetised field do not arrange themselves perfectly parallel or anti-parallel to the magnetic field, as the nuclei always have equal but antonym magnetic charges they cancel out when there is no magnetic field. The particles tend to precess about the magnetic field lines, and this is illustrated in figure 1.3.The nuclei complete a full rotation around the magnetic field in a period that is directly proportional to the strength of the external magnetic field. As you can see from the figure 1.4 the period gets littler for a larger magnetic field and thus the relative a bsolute relative frequency of the precession increases. This frequency is fixed numbering upon the strength of the magnetic field, and is called the Larmor frequency and the relationship between them is inclined by f = ()/ (2)Where is a constant called the gyromagnetic frequency, which varies for each type of particle. In MRI the Larmor frequency is about 50 MHz, which is in the radio frequency part of the magnetic frequency spectrum and the magnetic field has a order of 1 or 2 Teslas.Why is the Larmor frequency is of that form?TheLarmor frequencyinMRI is the rate of precession of the magnetic moment of the proton around the external magnetic field. The frequency of precession is related to the strength of the external magnetic field,B.TheLarmor precession of nuclei of a substance placed in a magnetic field B0 is mensurable from Larmor Equation, the Larmor precession is measured in Radians seconds-1 = BWhere is a constant called the gyromagnetic frequency, which varies for eac h type of particle, but in the case of MRI is a constant as you are only affecting hydrogen nuclei. As the external magnetic field would be uniform and constant, to work out the Larmor frequency you need to divde the Larmor precession by 2f.The frequency is measured in Hertz which is s1 and as is measured in Radians seconds-1 so to work out the frequency needed you divide this by 2f which results in the Larmor frequency which is per second.The Net Magnetization VectorThe precession of the nuclei only has a small effect upon the total magnetic field, which is only a small increase in magnetic field along the external field axis.This is because there are slightly more nuclei in parallel to the external magnetic field, than nuclei which are anti parallel to the external magnetic field. Although all of the nuclei in the material will be precessing at the Larmor frequency, they all may not be in strain. So the tranverse waves created by the nuclei get cancel out which means that there will only be a small increase in field strength in the direction of the external field as not all of the nuclei parallel to the external field will get cancelled out.Why do we need superconducting magnets to make the protons resonate?Superconducting magnets are used in magnetic resonance imaging of the human body because magnetic resonance imaging requires super uniform field across the subject and extreme stability over time. By having the magnet coils in the superconducting state helps to achieve parts-per-million spacial consonance over a space large enough to hold a person, and parts per million hour-1 stability with time. This is the reason for using superconducting magnets alongside the fact that they are able to produce a magnetic field of a magnituted of 1 or 2 Teslas.How to make the protons resonate?In order to produce a magnetic resonance image we need to make the protons precess about the external field lines in phase angle with each other which will produce a small net transversal field which rotates about the axis of the external field at the Larmor frequency. This is the magnetic field that can be detected and in turn produce a magnetic resonance image.These three stages are all depend upon the nuclei precessing in phase with each other, this is done by making them sidle up radio-frequency radiation of the same frequency of the Larmor frequency. The absorbtion of the energy causes low-energy state protons to flip into the high-energy state, which means that the protons are anti-parallel to the external field lines and also precessing in phase with the applied signal, which in turn mean that they are in phase with each other. The number of protons that flip depends upon the duration of the radio frequency pulse, which is applied.How a magnetic resonance image is producedIn order for a magnetic resonance image to be produced, you need to be able to root the part of the body that has an ailment, in order to do this three smaller non uniform magnetic fields are added to the constant field. If you look at figure 1.5 you are able to see how these magnetic fields are applied, with one running the length of the patients body, this is the z-axis and this is used to define slices through the body. The body in this diagram is the sample, with the other magnetic fields being applied in the x-axis and y-axis, within the plane of a slice.The magnetic field strength at any point is the sum of the four-spot fields that sets a unique larmour frequency and phase at each point in the body.To actually produce an image a pulse of electromagnetic radiation is sent through the body at a set radio frequency. The protons with a Larmor frequency will absorb energy from the pulse and flip into the high energy state. As a result a transverse field, which is rotating at the Larmor frequency, is produced for the specific part of the body. As a result of Flemings Left hand rule, the rotating magnetic field that is actually an alternate field induces an electric current in the detector. The image is gradually formed by sending a sequence of radio-frequency pulses through the body at different frequencies to pick out the Larmor frequencies at different locations. The signals produced and the relaxation time involved are processed by computer to assemble the image.How is a clear image is produced on the scan?The relaxation time is the time taken for the protons to fall back down to their lower energy state after the radio-frequency pulse is turned off. The protons fall into their lower energy state by passing their energy on into neighboring atoms. The relaxation time is measured by the change in the intensity of the signal bring forth in the detector. The relaxation time is used to show the contrast in tissue within an image, with the relaxation time dependent upon the nature of atoms close to the stimulated protons. Thus a clear image of the tissue can be seen.The safety of magnetic resonance imaging scanningMRI is rega rded as one of the safest ways of confirming a diagnosis, although there are some exceptions where a patient has form of metallic elementlic element in their body, which interferes with the regnant superconducting magnets, which allows a magnetic resonance image to be produced. An example of something, which could cause a magnetic resonance image to not work, is tattoos that have metal fragments in the ink that is used to form the image. The metal is dangerous because metal objects can be forcefully drawn to the magnet if these metal objects are embedded in your body, they can be drawn to the magnet and cause damage.The magnetic resonance image can also be dangerous for pregnant ladies.Using magnetic resonance imaging to detect crab louse in the bodyA future use of MRI is to detect cancer cancer cells need far more energy than most other types of tissues in the body, so a new technique has just been developed where a patient suspected of having cancer is injected with glucose. Thi s results in a differing brightness on the image produced with the tumor appearing far brighter. Although this is before long only a concept that is still some way from being used on the general public, and this is in part due to the fact that the magnetic field strength used to produce these results is far higher than being used currently and we would need to see if the same results would be produced at a lower field strength.ConclusionIn conclusion by taking the simple model already in place MRI has a bright future in diagnosis and signal detection of diseases, with MRI being the safest form of diagnosis for soft tissue as a result of its non-ionizing nature and clear results that it produces. The future for MRI will become brighter as the cost of using it falls over time, so that it will be more freely available and thus use for mass cancer detection could occur for example.MRI has already had a major impact on practices undertaken by doctors in assessing a patients needs, and the use of MRI stands to continue these changes further as more uses are developed.BibliographyIntroduction to MRIhttp//www.vistadiagnostics.co.uk/mri_explained.htmhttp//www.teslasociety.com/mri.htmhttp//www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2003/mansfield-bio.htmlHow does Magnetic Resonance imaging work?http//science.howstuffworks.com/mri.htmhttp//www.magnet.fsu.edu/ teaching/tutorials/java/mri/http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1121941/ scallywag 504-505 Advancing Physics By Steve Adams and Jonathon AlldayThe larmor frequencehttp//radiopaedia.org/articles/larmor-frequencyThe safety of MRI scanninghttp//pain.about.com/od/testingdiagnosis/p/having_an_MRI.htmUsing MRI to detect cancer in the bodyhttp//www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/146309.phpAre there any modern alternatives to this technology?http//www.medicinenet.com/mri_scan/page3.htmhttp//www.nhs.uk/news/2013/07July/Pages/Could-new-tests-use-sugar-to-help-detect-cancer.aspxGihan Fernando11 http//www.medic inenet.com/mri_scan/article.htm2 http//www.teslasociety.com/mri.htm3 http//www.vistadiagnostics.co.uk/mri_explained.htm4 Advanced Physics by Steve Adams and Jonathon Allday- Page 504, Magnetic Resonance Imaging5 http//www.simplyphysics.com/page2_1.html6 http//radiopaedia.org/articles/net-magnitisation-vector